用項(xiàng)目管理的方法來攻克雅思大作文的四大步驟

　　步驟：

　　1.節(jié)點(diǎn)描述(作文審題)

　　2.節(jié)點(diǎn)問題點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)、關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)(文章的邏輯安排)

　　3. 節(jié)點(diǎn)操作規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(詞匯及語法的規(guī)范)

　　4. 問題的預(yù)防、處理計(jì)劃或措施(考前的記憶練習(xí))

　　下面，我們用老年人這個話題來示范一下這四個步驟的具體運(yùn)用

　　第一步：節(jié)點(diǎn)描述(作文審題)

　　雅思寫作題目十一年內(nèi)與老年人直接相關(guān)的真題出現(xiàn)過9次，基本上是每年必出的常規(guī)話題之一。值得一提的是，2013年作文題中還沒有直接出現(xiàn)老年人這個詞眼，只提到了人們要不要為今后退休生活存錢。

　　Recently the proportion of older people has increased. Do you think it will make positive or negative effect on society? 20060211，20111008，20120310

　　老齡化會有哪些影響?

　　Some people believe that in order to give opportunities to new generations, companies should encourage high level employees who are older than 55 to retire. Do you agree or disagree? Why? 030712, 030809, 20051029

　　是否要鼓勵老人早點(diǎn)退休以達(dá)到為年輕人留出更多機(jī)會的目的?

　　Today, in many countries, there is insufficient respect to old people. What are the reasons? What problems it might cause? 20060708

　　當(dāng)今社會對老年人不夠尊重的原因和可能帶來的問題是哪些?

　　Nowadays, high-technologies such as mobile phones and internet are rarely used by old people. How should these technologies be useful to old people? How to encourage old people to use the technologies? 20080628

　　如何使高科技產(chǎn)品對老年人更有幫助?如何鼓勵老年人使用這些科技?

　　Some people say that it is the responsibility of individuals to save money for their own care after they retire. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 20070825

　　誰來為老年人的退休生活買單?

　　Saving money is a good habit for an individual after retirement. Do you agree or disagree? 20130606

　　人們要不要為退休后生活存錢?

　　第二步：節(jié)點(diǎn)問題點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)、關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)(文章的邏輯安排)

　　英美雖然不存在有文化部這個部門，但實(shí)際上的確存在著一種主旋律的調(diào)調(diào)，比如說會稍顯刻意地強(qiáng)調(diào)對于弱勢群體的關(guān)注，而老人、小孩、婦女、窮人、少數(shù)民族、移民[微博]等群體就是我們通常而言比較需要被關(guān)注到的弱勢人群。雅思作文每年都會出現(xiàn)三次左右有關(guān)弱勢群體的考題。另外在其他題目寫作的時候，從這些群體的立場出發(fā)思考問題，也不妨為我們分類討論的一種思路和角度，體現(xiàn)出咱們的人性關(guān)懷。所以這類問題在段落安排上盡量辯證去分析，避免一邊倒的說法。

　　第三步：節(jié)點(diǎn)操作規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(詞匯及語法的規(guī)范)

　　說到老年人的表達(dá)，大家可以盡量避免一開始就出現(xiàn)old people, old folks這樣的表達(dá)，第一個原因是這樣比較偏口語化，第二個原因是咱們這樣說有點(diǎn)offensive,雅思寫作用語始終應(yīng)該注意委婉度與高級度。所以我們建議先把elderly, pensioner, seniorcitizen, the aged這些表達(dá)用出來。而老年人通常會面對到的問題一般而言是體能不足(physical inadequacies)，不能快速接受新事物(fail to adopt innovations)，可能會被強(qiáng)制退休(compulsory retirement)生活窘迫(life distress)年齡歧視(age discrimination)缺少專業(yè)的護(hù)理(lackof professional care givers)等等問題。

　　下面的句子是關(guān)于老年人話題非常漂亮的原汁原味表達(dá)，大家可以試試套用下加粗的句型和詞伙(地道搭配)。咱們要記住用詞用句的原則：地道自然的表達(dá)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)過冗繁堆砌。信息密度大的簡單句也是高分句，不知所云的復(fù)雜句即是低分句!

　　Against the background of the expected population ageing in the EU and most of its Member States， it is therefore obvious that the actual retirement age must be raised substantially。

　　歐洲的未來老齡化趨勢以及它的大多數(shù)同胞國的情況都昭示著它的實(shí)際退休年齡是時候大幅提高了

　　Although the effects of early retirement were presented a long time as a win-win situation(availabilityof jobs for the young; more leisure time for elder people; lower unemployment figures for the government)， they turned out to be an expensive fallacy。

　　雖然早退休方案在很長一段時間都被認(rèn)為是一個雙贏方案，但最后這被證明是一個昂貴的錯誤。

　　In addition it is worth to reconsider the seniority principle (people earn more the older they get or the longer they are with one employer) as it may create obstacles for the hiring or continued employment of older workers。

　　而且非常有必要去重新考慮老年法則(人們工作的時間越長在一個老板底下工作時間越長，薪水越高)因?yàn)檫@可能會對他們再就業(yè)的制造障礙。

　　Likewise regional disparities connected to population ageing and the development of the ‘silver economy’ need to be adequately addressed。

　　同樣，和老齡化有關(guān)的地區(qū)差異以及“銀發(fā)經(jīng)濟(jì)”的發(fā)展也應(yīng)該好好考慮一下。

　　Furthermore, policies should be pursued which promote attitude changes towards elder people and support active ageing (life-long-learning, networking and activities of pensioner associations, possibilities for voluntary work on behalf of retirees, etc。)

　　還有，要實(shí)行政策來鼓勵人們改變對老年者的看法，來支持老年生活的豐富化。

　　Care of older people demands not only the right staffing levels, but also specialist skills and expertise。

　　對老人的照料不僅需要合適的員工水平，還要專業(yè)的技能和知識。

　　Caring for the elderlyis not easy and places a strain on caregivers and their families, regardless of how willing they are to help。

　　照料老人不是一件易事，而且無論照顧者多么愿意提供幫助，這都會給他或他的家庭帶來壓力。

　　We must also account for an increasingly large proportion of global elderly, especially in developing nations, as continued pressure is put on limiting fertility and decreasing family size。

　　我們要考慮到日益增長的全球化老年人口，特別是在發(fā)展中國家，因?yàn)榈蜕叭找婵s小的家庭規(guī)范帶來持續(xù)的壓力。

　　Because of the wide variety of elderly care found globally,as well as differentiating cultural perspectives on elderly citizens, the subject cannot be limited to any one practice。

　　因?yàn)槿蛴胁煌睦夏耆苏疹櫺枨?，背景觀點(diǎn)也都不一樣，這個問題不僅僅局限一隅。

　　There is much that can be done to improve provision for older people but it starts by accepting it is not basic or simple. The skills and knowledge of the nursing workforce needs to reflect the patient population。

　　對老人的照顧有很大的改善空間，前提要認(rèn)識到這不簡單。護(hù)理人員的技能和知識要能匹配到要照顧到的人數(shù)。

　　第四步：問題的預(yù)防、處理計(jì)劃或措施(考前準(zhǔn)備)

　　在備考期間，烤鴨們至少要看近兩年內(nèi)出現(xiàn)過的所有寫作題目(其實(shí)連100道都不到)，并不需要大家把所有的題目都寫一次。烤鴨們要做的就是把相似題目中最有代表性一道練練筆就好，把前面三步當(dāng)中的積累盡量運(yùn)用到250字的作文當(dāng)中，起到舉一反三的作用。

　　關(guān)于老年人話題出現(xiàn)頻率最高，最有代表性的一道真題就是下面這道

　　It is reported that there will be higher proportion of older people than young people in the future in some countries. Do you think it is a positive or negative development?

　　各們烤鴨們可以根據(jù)給出的大綱，體會一下節(jié)點(diǎn)安排，自行完成一篇完整大作文

　　Task response

　　1.劃出關(guān)鍵詞

　　Higher proportion ofolder people

　　2.題型歸類：Argument利弊衡量

　　Coherence and cohesion全文布局，段落安排

　　首段：背景+爭議焦點(diǎn)+引入下文

　　二段：好處的展開

　　三段：壞處的展開

　　尾段：總結(jié)中心句，重申立場

　　Lexical resources閃光詞匯

　　Age boom

　　The prolonged average life span

　　Greater longevity

　　Grammatical range and accuracy 漂亮的語法

　　The most striking one is that the average life span will be prolonged, for the progress of medical treatment and improvement of living condition makes more people timely heal the diseases and better keep fit。

　　For another, aging of population causes a relative decrease in effective working force because population aging could impose great pressure on the structure of work force。

　　For a start, great efforts are surely necessary to promote the economic development; only in this way can the large proportion of the public fund be put into the social network focusing on the elderly。

　　總而言之，大家可以把準(zhǔn)備屠鴨的過程看成是一項(xiàng)能大家?guī)沓删透械捻?xiàng)目管理。希望各位烤鴨能有條不紊地完成對各個寫作話題類別的節(jié)點(diǎn)控制。兵來將擋，水來土淹;知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆!祝大家屠鴨成功!