1個(gè)main verb原則
理論上講:一個(gè)句子只應(yīng)該有一個(gè)為主的動(dòng)詞(即2)。
但是,實(shí)際運(yùn)用的過(guò)程中,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)句子中有多個(gè)動(dòng)詞,此時(shí)就需要:
標(biāo)記清楚這些動(dòng)詞彼此間的邏輯關(guān)系!
這里的邏輯關(guān)系有兩種情況:
1.并列(即:將這些動(dòng)詞視為地位相同;一般方式為使用and連接)
2.從屬(即:犧牲某個(gè)或某些動(dòng)詞,將其處理成符合從屬關(guān)系的方式,從而確保為主的動(dòng)詞只有一個(gè);一般方式為使用動(dòng)詞三大非謂語(yǔ)形式:動(dòng)詞的ing形式、動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞形式、動(dòng)詞的不定式形式) 并列關(guān)系示例
示例1:I sat down beside her said nothing.
分析:sat與said之間沒有標(biāo)記邏輯關(guān)系,錯(cuò)誤!可以添加and,形成并列關(guān)系,即:
I sat down beside her and said nothing.
示例2:I entered the room saw mother sit there wait for me come back.
分析:這里有5個(gè)動(dòng)詞,都沒有標(biāo)記邏輯關(guān)系,錯(cuò)誤!通過(guò)分析,我們看到:entered和saw可以并列,因?yàn)樗鼈儞碛泄餐?,即:I;sit和wait可以并列,因?yàn)樗鼈儞碛泄餐?,即:mother,但這兩組動(dòng)詞之間就不能再并列了,因?yàn)闊o(wú)法這么做。這就意味著:這句話里的動(dòng)詞有的可以并列,而有的不可以。
示例3:I opened the bag took out some paper and a pen, sat down started take notes.
分析:opened,took out,sat down,started這四個(gè)動(dòng)詞擁有共同的1,即:I,而且都是這個(gè)1直接行使或發(fā)出的動(dòng)作,所以,可以采取并列關(guān)系;但take因?yàn)橛袀€(gè)過(guò)渡層,而且在時(shí)態(tài)上也與其它動(dòng)詞處于不平衡狀態(tài),因此并列處理不合適。 從屬關(guān)系示例
示例1:I sat down beside her said nothing.
分析:動(dòng)詞關(guān)系混亂,假如想確保sat,則需要犧牲后面的said,即:
I sat down beside her, saying nothing.
假如確保后面的said,則需犧牲前面的sat:
Sitting down beside her, I said nothing.
示例2:To quit smoking, I eat candies.
不定式常常用來(lái)表示目的。
Part IV:一個(gè)句子一個(gè)句號(hào)的原則
理論上講,一個(gè)句子一個(gè)句號(hào),但是,實(shí)際運(yùn)用中會(huì)有幾個(gè)甚至多個(gè)句子擺放在一起共享一個(gè)句號(hào),此時(shí)應(yīng)該怎么辦呢?
答案很簡(jiǎn)單:標(biāo)記清楚這些句子間的邏輯關(guān)系。有兩種: 并列關(guān)系示例
示例1:I sat down beside her. I said nothing.
變?yōu)椋篒 sat down beside her and I said nothing.
示例2:He asked me a question. I answered him.
變?yōu)椋篐e asked me a question and I answered him. 從屬關(guān)系
1)運(yùn)用各類從句,形成主從符合句,主要包括:
狀語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句
主語(yǔ)從句
同位語(yǔ)從句
2)運(yùn)用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行從屬方式的處理。此時(shí),部分句子的主要?jiǎng)釉~變成了動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式,致使整體的復(fù)雜句式變成了簡(jiǎn)單句式,主要手段就是按照規(guī)則進(jìn)行了下列三種形態(tài)的變化:
動(dòng)詞的ing形式
動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞形式
動(dòng)詞不定式形式
從屬關(guān)系示例(以狀語(yǔ)從句為例)
示例1:When he asked me a question, I answered him.
示例2:I was so angry that I beat him up!
示例3:If you ask me ‘why’, I will answer ‘because’!
示例4:Since you are not feeling well, just lie down and take a good rest.
示例5:Although I have tried my best, I can’t win her heart.
示例6:Wherever I am, I will be thinking of you.
示例7:I went out very early in the morning so that I could avoid the rush hour traffic.
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞方式處理示例
示例1:I sat beside her. I felt very nervous.
可變?yōu)椋篠itting beside her, I felt very nervous.
或者:I sat beside her, feeling very nervous.
示例2:I want to quit smoking. I eat candies.
可變?yōu)椋篢o quit smoking, I eat candies.
示例3:A young man was tired of sleeping on the floor. He saved up for years to buy a real bed.
可以變?yōu)椋篢ired of sleeping on the floor, a young man saved up for years to buy a real bed.
示例4:Jimmy was dressed up as Father Christmas. He was accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls. He set off down the main street of the city. He rode a baby elephant. The elephant was called Jumbo.
可以變?yōu)椋篋ressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a guard of honor of six pretty girls, Jimmy set off down the main street of the city, riding a baby elephant called Jumbo.
定語(yǔ)從句方式處理
定語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)然是屬于“從屬”的行列,所以,是處理為從屬方式的手段之一,而且用途極大。請(qǐng)看下面的例子:
This is the only book.
I read the book during the holiday.
兩句的重合點(diǎn)在the book上面;將第二句中的the book抽出來(lái),放到第一句book后面,其它內(nèi)容向后甩。這樣,我們就會(huì)看到the only book后面馬上又在重復(fù)the book。為了避免重復(fù),我們?nèi)サ魌he book,而換用另外一個(gè)詞去替換,這個(gè)詞就是定語(yǔ)從句中指物的which或that。因?yàn)檫@里的book有only在修飾,所以,最終我們選用that;又因?yàn)閠hat在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),所以,可以省略。這樣,兩句就合并為:
This is the only book (that) I read during the holiday.
下面兩句的合并遵循同樣的原則:
She is the girl.
The girl’s father is my boss.
èShe is the girl the girl’s father is my bossè She is the girl who (’s) father is my boss.
èShe is the girl whose father is my boss.
我們預(yù)熱幾個(gè)組成復(fù)雜句的句型:
…, but… 結(jié)構(gòu)(前后兩個(gè)句子體現(xiàn)的是“轉(zhuǎn)折”關(guān)系)
…, for…結(jié)構(gòu)(前后兩個(gè)句子體現(xiàn)的是“果因”關(guān)系)
…, so…結(jié)構(gòu)(前后兩個(gè)句子體現(xiàn)的是“因果”關(guān)系)
…(,/;/.)however,…結(jié)構(gòu)(前后兩個(gè)句子體現(xiàn)的是更強(qiáng)烈的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系)
…(,/;/.) therefore,…結(jié)構(gòu)(前后兩個(gè)句子體現(xiàn)了更強(qiáng)烈的因果關(guān)系)
…(,/;/.)meanwhile,…結(jié)構(gòu)(前后兩個(gè)句子體現(xiàn)了時(shí)間上的同步關(guān)系)
備注:一般情況下,however,therefore,meanwhile,還有其它類似功能級(jí)別的詞在標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)方面有這樣的要求:(1)前面是句號(hào),這些詞第一個(gè)字母需要大寫,然后跟逗號(hào);(2)前面是分號(hào);(3)前面句子用句號(hào)結(jié)束,然后將這些詞嵌入后面句子的1和2之間,前后皆為逗號(hào)。
示例1:She is rich and beautiful. However, I don’t like her.
示例2:She is rich and beautiful; however, I don’t like her.
示例3:She is rich and beautiful. I, however, don’t like her.
這些基本知識(shí)構(gòu)成了:1)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的順暢搭建;2)或由簡(jiǎn)單句合并為復(fù)雜句;2)或由復(fù)雜句拆分為簡(jiǎn)單句,或進(jìn)行意思組合、或?qū)⒕涫綇?fù)雜化、或?qū)⒕涫胶?jiǎn)單化的基石,也是本書要貫徹始終的根本理念。