2022考研英語閱讀理解常考詞匯

　　1. authority 權(quán)威，當(dāng)局

　　Mexican authorities noticed a large number of hospitalizations and deaths among healthy adults.

　　墨西哥當(dāng)局注意到，在成年人中有大量人住院。

　　One authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control.

　　一位權(quán)威人士說道，這些極其強(qiáng)大的精神事件不但可以約束，還可以有意識地進(jìn)行控制。

　　2. equivalent 等價(jià)物

　　The digital credential would be a "voluntary trusted identity" system that would be the high-tech equivalent of a physical key， a fingerprint and a photo ID card.

　　該數(shù)字證書可以成為一個(gè)"自愿受信身份"系統(tǒng)，從而成為物理密鑰、指紋以及身份證的高科技等價(jià)物。

　　3. alternative 替代物

　　They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.

　　他們更愿意握緊自己的錢包，把在家吃飯作為一種現(xiàn)實(shí)的替代。

　　4. substitute 代替物

　　Devoted concertgoers reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance.

　　忠誠的音樂會(huì)愛好者回答道，唱片并不能`1代替現(xiàn)場表演。

　　5. community 具有共性的人 (社區(qū)，…屆)

　　The approach would create a "walled garden" in cyberspace， with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a trusted community.

　　該方法能夠在網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間建一個(gè)"有墻的花園"，具有安全的"鄰里關(guān)系"以及明亮的"街燈"，從而創(chuàng)造出一種安全社區(qū)的意識。

　　6. transaction 交易

　　The individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with confidence.

　　個(gè)人和組織能夠充滿信任地完全在線交易。

　　7. mentality 心態(tài)

　　It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would eventually be a compulsory of Internet "driver's license" mentality.

　　該計(jì)劃看來明顯是一個(gè)最初的推斷，最終將形成一種英特網(wǎng)強(qiáng)制性"駕駛執(zhí)照"的心態(tài)。

　　8. skepticism 懷疑

　　The plan has also been greeted with skepticism by some computer security experts.

　　該方案也遭到了電腦安全專家的懷疑。

　　History and news become confused， and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.

　　歷史和新聞變得令人困惑，人們開始產(chǎn)生一種懷疑與樂觀相混合的印象。

　　9. executive 高級管理者

　　But Edward Dolman， the chief executive， says： "I'm pretty confident we're at the bottom."

　　但是首席執(zhí)行官愛德華·多爾曼說道："我完全相信現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)是在底部了。"

　　10. irony 諷刺

　　This episode crystallizes the irony that， although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations， they rarely talk at home.

　　該情節(jié)體現(xiàn)出一種諷刺，那就是，籍貫美國男性在公共場合比女性說話多，但在家里，他們很少說話。

　　11. preference 偏愛

　　The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out.

　　首先并且最重要的是消費(fèi)者不斷增長的對外出就餐的偏愛。

　　12. predominance 優(yōu)勢

　　Just as inevitably， the retreat from predominance proved painful.

　　不可避免的事，這種從優(yōu)勢地位退下來的感覺是痛苦的。

　　13. pattern 圖案，模式

　　The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s.

　　政治科學(xué)家安德魯·哈克在上世紀(jì)七十年代觀察到這一模式。

　　14. infrastructure 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

　　Big retailers could profitably apply their scale， existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges， logistics， and marketing intelligence.

　　大型零售商在管理產(chǎn)品類別、物流、以及營銷智能化方面，可以應(yīng)用其規(guī)模、已有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和歷經(jīng)考驗(yàn)的技能，這是有利可圖的。

　　15. inequity 不公正

　　In my own research， complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband.

　　在我自己的研究中，女性們對于丈夫的抱怨通常并非針對那些明顯的不公正，例如放棄職業(yè)來陪伴丈夫。

　　16. humanity 人類，人性

　　He is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others， but explains the process that has brought this about.

　　他的正在發(fā)表的一篇論文不僅暗示出某個(gè)人類群體會(huì)比其他群體更聰明，還解釋了這種現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的過程。

　　His concern is mainly with the humanities： Literature， languages， philosophy and so on.

　　他主要關(guān)注的是人文學(xué)科：文學(xué)，語言，哲學(xué)等等。

　　17. revival 復(fù)活，復(fù)興

　　Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote.

　　卡杜斯的批判性評論有機(jī)會(huì)復(fù)活嗎?這看來很遙遠(yuǎn)。

　　18. amateur 業(yè)余愛好者

　　Moreover， the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.

　　另外，音樂評論中的業(yè)余愛好者傳統(tǒng)在急劇衰退。

　　19. corporation 公司

　　Corporations could use such approaches to introduce new routines.

　　公司應(yīng)當(dāng)采用這些方法來塑造新的慣例。

　　It's a self-examination that has involved issues of responsibility， creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.

　　這是一種自我檢查，其中包含責(zé)任、創(chuàng)造性自由和公司底線等問題。

　　20. economy 經(jīng)濟(jì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)體

　　Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were， and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.

　　富裕國家不像過去那么依賴石油，因此對油價(jià)波動(dòng)就不那么敏感。

　　21. adolescent 青少年

　　Chewing gum， once bought primarily by adolescent boys， is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.

　　口香糖曾經(jīng)主要是青少年購買，現(xiàn)在則經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在商業(yè)廣告中，用來使口氣清新，以及用來在餐后清潔牙齒。

　　22. juvenile青少年

　　Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence.

　　很多關(guān)于青少年違法原因的理論都把主要影響原因歸于個(gè)人或社會(huì)。

　　23. jury 陪審團(tuán)

　　Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values.

　　很多美國人把陪審團(tuán)制度看作關(guān)鍵民主價(jià)值的具體表現(xiàn)。

　　24. qualification 資格

　　There is a principle that all citizens should meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy.

　　有一個(gè)原則，那就是所有公民應(yīng)當(dāng)符合年齡和識字能力方面的最低資格要求。

　　25. specialization 專門化

　　Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.

　　專門化可以看作是對科學(xué)知識不斷積累的一種響應(yīng)。

　　26. prerequisite 先決條件

　　Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career.

　　專業(yè)化使得博士學(xué)位成為成功學(xué)術(shù)生涯的先決條件。

　　27. connotation 內(nèi)涵

　　The word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and， in particular， may not fully share its values.

　　"業(yè)余愛好者"一詞的確帶有這樣一種內(nèi)涵，那就是，沒有完全整合進(jìn)科學(xué)界的人不會(huì)分享其價(jià)值觀。

　　28. prospect 前景

　　Losing a job is hurting： you don't skip down to the job center with a song in your heart， delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state.

　　失去工作是痛苦的：你不可能唱著歌蹦蹦跳跳地來到就業(yè)中心，心里高興地想著這個(gè)慷慨的國家會(huì)讓你的收入翻番。

　　29. prosperity 繁榮

　　"The Heart of the Matter，" the just-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS)， deserves praise for affirming the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America.

　　"物質(zhì)的核心"是美國藝術(shù)與科學(xué)研究院剛發(fā)表的一篇報(bào)告，這篇報(bào)告肯定了人文學(xué)科和社會(huì)科學(xué)對于美國自由民主的繁榮與安全的重要性，因此是值得表揚(yáng)的。

　　30. intelligence 智力，智能

　　Jury duty was once limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence， education， and moral character.

　　陪審團(tuán)的職責(zé)曾經(jīng)僅限于那些具有卓越智力、教育背景和道德素養(yǎng)的人。

　　Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.

　　事實(shí)上，對于人工智能的探索所獲得的結(jié)果是非常復(fù)雜的。

　　31. fitness 健康

　　But despite some claims to the contrary， laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.

　　盡管存在一些反面的主張，事實(shí)上，笑對于身體健康幾乎沒有什么影響。

　　32. seminar 討論會(huì)

　　He spent many of his weekly seminars giving detailed instructions in techniques of observation.

　　他用了很多的周討論會(huì)來詳細(xì)說明觀察技術(shù)。

　　33. duty 職責(zé)

　　Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract， as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

　　一些哲學(xué)家提出，權(quán)力作為職責(zé)與利益的交換的一部分，僅存在于契約中。

　　34. advocate 倡導(dǎo)(vt.) 倡導(dǎo)者(n.)

　　Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers， so skilled at applying peer pressure.

　　羅森博格令人信服地提出，廣告商很善于應(yīng)用同伴壓力，公共健康倡導(dǎo)者應(yīng)當(dāng)向他們學(xué)習(xí)。

　　He advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.

　　他提倡思想自由和個(gè)人表達(dá)的自由。

　　35. benefactor 捐助者

　　These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.

　　這些捐助者在他們自己的領(lǐng)域很成功，他們想用自己的財(cái)富吸引那些在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域取得成功的人。

　　36. entrepreneur 企業(yè)家

　　These upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels.

　　這些突然崛起的企業(yè)家不可能通過金錢使自己的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)具有諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)那樣的威望。

　　37. chaos 混亂

　　Beethoven's music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence.

　　貝多芬的音樂總是從混亂過渡到秩序，仿佛秩序是至高無上的人類存在。

　　38. tension 張力

　　The tension between the universal and the particular has been immensely productive in anthropology.

　　在人類學(xué)中，普遍性與特殊性之間的張力能夠產(chǎn)生大量研究結(jié)果。

　　39. obesity 肥胖

　　Of even greater concern is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.

　　很難對肥胖進(jìn)行定義，這一事實(shí)受到的關(guān)注更多。

　　40. significance 重要性，意義

　　Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events

　　由于日常生活占據(jù)了我們有意識的思想，因此我們并不總是會(huì)思考日常事件的情感意義。

　　41. institute 研究機(jī)構(gòu)，(專門型)學(xué)院

　　According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information， prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.

　　根據(jù)加拿大健康信息研究院的統(tǒng)計(jì)，自1997年以來，醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)總體開銷中處方藥成本在大幅上升。

　　42. institution 制度，機(jī)構(gòu)，機(jī)制

　　He is that rare bird， a scientist who works independently of any institution.

　　他是那種與眾不同者，作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立于任何機(jī)構(gòu)的科學(xué)家在工作。

　　There is the so-called big deal， where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.

　　存在一種大批量交易，就是機(jī)構(gòu)用戶付錢通過網(wǎng)站特許協(xié)議來解除大量的在線期刊。

　　The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and， as a result， radically higher standards of living.

　　研究機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)現(xiàn)一致地表明，所有國家的勞動(dòng)者都可以通過工作培訓(xùn)來獲得生產(chǎn)率的根本提高，從而大幅提高生活水平。

　　The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the peculiar institution.

　　如果不保護(hù)南方各州的制度，他們當(dāng)時(shí)就不會(huì)簽署憲法。

　　It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

　　人們可以說，對任何社會(huì)機(jī)價(jià)值的衡量在于其擴(kuò)大并提示經(jīng)驗(yàn)方面的效果，但這一效果并不屬于這些機(jī)制的最初動(dòng)機(jī)。

　　Malinowski regarded all institutions of a society as intrinsically linked to each other， and stressed that every social or cultural phenomenon ought to be studied in its full context.

　　馬林諾夫斯基把所有社會(huì)機(jī)制看成是相互聯(lián)系的，并強(qiáng)調(diào)應(yīng)當(dāng)將所有社會(huì)或文化現(xiàn)象放在其完整的社會(huì)情境中進(jìn)行研究。

　　43. intellectual 知識分子，知識的

　　It is intellectuals， not America， who have become anti-intellectual.

　　反對知識的正是知識分子本身，而不是美國。

　　44. manuscript 手稿

　　When I set out to revise and update this book， the original manuscript was five years old.

　　當(dāng)我在對這本書進(jìn)行修改和更新時(shí)，最初的手稿已經(jīng)存在五年之久了。

　　45. trait 特征

　　The trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.

　　我們過高評估了關(guān)于才干的特征。

　　46. reference參考

　　In effect， you try to reconstruct the likely meaning or effects that any given sentence， image or reference might have had.

　　事實(shí)上，你可以嘗試對任何給定句子、圖像或參考可以具有的意義或效果進(jìn)行重建。

　　47. inference 推理

　　You make further inferences， for instance， about how the text may be significant to you.

　　你可以進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步推理，比如該文本對你具有何種重要性。

　　48. legacy 遺產(chǎn)

　　Morgan's legacy would also be acknowledged by many Marxist anthropologists.

　　摩根的遺產(chǎn)也會(huì)得到馬克思主義人類學(xué)家的認(rèn)可。

　　49. label 標(biāo)簽

　　Advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ，H&M， and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.

　　技術(shù)的發(fā)展使得諸如颯拉、HM以及優(yōu)衣庫這樣的大眾市場品牌能夠?qū)κ袌鲒厔菘焖俜磻?yīng)，并更加準(zhǔn)確地對需求進(jìn)行預(yù)測。

　　50. vogue 流行

　　I shall then proceed to characterize the system now in vogue in Western civilization.

　　我將繼續(xù)講述西方文明中現(xiàn)在流行的體系特征。