【旅游天下】故宮中英雙語(yǔ)導(dǎo)游詞

(In front of the meridian gate)

This is the palace museum; also know as the Purple Forbidden City. It is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in China today. Under Ming Emperor Yongle, construction began in 1406. It took 14years to build the Forbidden City. The first ruler who actually lived here was Ming Emperor Zhudi. For five centuries thereafter, it continued to be the residence of23 successive emperors until 1911 when Qing Emperor Puyi was forced to abdicate the throne .In 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognized the Forbidden City was a world cultural legacy.

It is believed that the Palace Museum, or Zi Jin Cheng (Purple Forbidden City), got its name from astronomy folklore, The ancient astronomers divided the constellations into groups and centered them around the Ziwei Yuan(North Star). The constellation containing the North Star was called the Constellation of Heavenly God and star itself was called the purple palace. Because the emperor was supposedly the son of the heavenly gods, his central and dominant position would be further highlighted the use of the word purple in the name of his residence. In folklore, the term ”an eastern purple cloud is drifting” became a metaphor for auspicious events after a purple cloud was seen drifting eastward immediately before the arrival of an ancient philosopher, LaoZi, to the Hanghu Pass. Here, purple is associated with auspicious developments. The word jin (forbidden) is self-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits to ordinary people.

The red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic. Red represents happiness, good fortune and wealth. Yellow is the color of the earth on the Loess Plateau, the original home of the Chinese people. Yellow became an imperial color during the Tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.

The Forbidden City is rectangular in shape. It is 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meter wide from east west. It has 9,900 rooms under a total roof area 150,000 square meters .A 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9.9-meter—high wall which encloses the complex. Octagon —shaped turrets rest on the four corners of the wall. There are four entrances into the city: the Meridian Gate to the south, the Shenwu Gate(Gate of Military Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Gate of military Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Western Flowery Gate )to the west ,the Donghua (Eastern Flowery Gate) to the east.

Manpower and materials throughout the country were used to build the Forbidden City. A total of 230,000 artisans and one million laborers were employed. Marble was quarried from fangshan Country Mount Pan in Jixian County in Hebei Province. Granite was quarried in Quyang County in Hebei Province. Paving blocks were fired in kilns in Suzhou in southern China. Bricks and scarlet pigmentation used on the palatial walls came from linqing in Shandong Province .Timber was cut ,processed and hauled from the northwestern and southern regions.

The structure in front of us is the Meridian Gate. It is the main entrance to the forbidden City. It is also knows as Wufenglou(Five-Phoenix Tower). Ming emperors held lavish banquets here on the 15th day of the first month of the Chinese lunar year in hornor of their counties .They also used this place for punishing officals by flogging them with sticks.

Qing emperors used this building to announce the beginning of the new year. Qing Emperor Qianglong changed the original name of this announcement ceremony from ban li(announcement of calendar)to ban shou(announcement of new moon )to avoid coincidental association with another Emperor` s name, Hongli, which was considered a taboo at that time. Qing Dynasty emperors also used this place to hold audience and for other important ceremonies. For example,when the imperial army returned victoriously from the battlefield ,it was here that the Emperor presided over the ceremony to accept prisoners of war.

(After entering the Meridian Gate and standing in front of the Five Marble Bridges on Golden Water River)

now we are inside the Forbidden City.Before we start our tour, I would like to briefly introduce you to the architectural patterns befour us .To complete this solemn, magnificent and palatial complex, a variety of buildings were arranged on a north-south axis, and 8-kilometer-long invisible line that has become an inseparable part of the City of Beijing. The Forbidden City covers roughly one –third of this central axis. Most of the important building in the Forbidden City weree arranged along this line. The design and arrangement of the palaces reflect the solemn dignity of the royal court and rigidly –stratified feudal system.

The Forbidden City is divided into an outer and an inner count.We are now standing on the southernmost part of the outer count. In front of us lies the Gate of supreme Harmony .The gate is guarded by a pair of bronze lions ,symbolizing imperial power and dignity. The lions were the most exquisite and biggest of its kind. The one on the east playing with a ball is a male, and ball is said to represent state unity. The other one is a female. Underneath one of its fore claws is a cub that is considered to be a symbol of perpetual imperial succession. The winding brook before us is the Golden Water River. It functions both as decoration and fire control .The five bridges spanning the river represent the five virtues preached by Confucius :benevolence, righteousness, rites, intellence and fidelity. The river takes the shape of a bow and the north-south axis is its arrow. This was meant to show that the Emperors ruled the country on behalf of God.

(In front of the Gate of Supreme Harmony)

The Forbidden City consists of an outer countyard and an inner enclosure. The out count yard covers a vast space lying between the Meridian Gate and the Gate of Heavenly Purity. The “three big halls” of Supreme Harmony, Complete Harmony and Preserving Harmony constitute the center of this building group. Flanking them in bilateral symmetry are two groups of palaces: Wenhua (Prominent Scholars) and Wuying (Brave Warriors) . The three great halls are built on a spacious “H”-shaped, 8-meter-high, triple marble terrace, Each level of the triple terrace is taller than the on below and all are encircled by marble balustrades carved with dragon and phoenix designs. There are three carved stone staircases linking the three architectures .The hall of supreme Harmony is also the tallest and most exquisite ancient wooden-structured mansion in all of China. From the palace of Heavenly Purith northward is what is known as the inner court, which is also built in bilaterally symmetrical patterns. In the center are the Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall of Union and Peace and Palace of Earthly Tranquility, a place where the Emperors lived with their families and attended to state affairs. Flanking these structures are palaces and halls in which concubines and princes lived. There are also three botanical gardens within the inner count, namely, the imperial Garden, Caning garden and Quailing garden. An inner Golden Water River flows eastwardly within the inner court. The brook winds through three minor halls or palaces and leads out of the Forbidden City. It is spanned by the White Jade Bridge. The river is lined with winding, marble –carved balustrades. Most of the structures within the Forbidden City have yellow glazed tile roofs.

Aside from giving prominence to the north-south axis, other architectural methods were applied to make every group of palatial structures unique in terms of terraces, roofs, mythical monsters perching on the roofs and colored, drawing patterns. With these, the grand contour and different hierarchic spectrum of the complex were strengthened. Folklore has it that there are altogether 9,999 room-units in the Forbidden City. Since Paradise only has 10,000 rooms, the Son of Heaven on earth cut the number by half a room. It is also rumoured that this half –room is located to the west of the Wenyuange Pavilion (imperial library). As a matter of fact, although the Forbidden City has more than 9,000 room-units, this half-room is nonexistent .The Wenyuange Pavilion is a library where “Si Ku Quan Shu”- China `s first comprehensive anthology-was stored.

(After walking past the Gate of Supreme Harmony)

Ladies and Gentlemen, the great hall we are approaching is the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the biggest and tallest of its king in the Forbidden City. This structure covers a total building space of 2,377 square meters, and is know for its upturned, multiple counterpart eaves . The Hall of Supreme Harmony sits on a triple “H”-shaped marble terrace the is 8meters high and linked by staircases. The staircase on the ground floor has 21 steps while the middle and upper stairways each have 9.

The construction of the Hall of Supreme Harmony began in 1406. It burned down three times and was severely damaged once during a mutiny. The existing architecture was built during the Qing Dynasty. On the corners of the eaves a line of animal-nails were usually fastened to the tiles. These animal-nails were later replace with mythical animals to ward off evil spirits. There are altogether 9 such fasteners on top of this hall. The number nine was regarded by the ancients to be the largest numeral accessible to man and to which only the emperors were entitled.

There was a total of 24 successive emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties who were enthroned here. The ball was also used for ceremonies which marked other great occasions: the Winter Solstice, The Chinese Lunar New Year, the Emperor` s birthday, conferral of the title of empress, the announcement of new laws and policies, and dispatches of generals to war .On such occasions, the Emperor would hold audience for his court officials and receive their tributes.

This area is called the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square, which covers a total of 30,000 square meters, Without a single tree or plant growing here, this place inspires visitors to feel its solemnity and grandeur. In the middle of the square there is a carriageway that was reserved for the Emperor. On both sides of the road the groud bricks were laid in a special way seven layers lengthwise and eight layers crosswise, making up fifteen layers in all. The purpose of this was to prevent anyone from tunneling his way into the palace. In the count yard there are iron vats for storing water to fight fires. In the whole complex there are altogher 308 water vats. In wintertime, charcoal was burned underneath the vats to keep the water from freezing .Why so vast a square? It was designed to impress people with the hall` s grandeur and vastness. Imagine the following scene. Under the clear blue sky, the yellow glazed tiles shimmered as the cloud-like layers of terrace, coupled with the curling veil of burning incense, transformed the hall of supreme Harmony into a fairyland. Whenever major ceremonies were held, the glazed, crane-shaped candleholders inside the hall would be it, and incense and pine branches burnt in front of the hall. When the Emperor appeared, drums were beaten and musical instrument played. Civilian officials and generals would kneel know in submission.

The last Qing emperor Puyi assumed the throne in 1908, at the age of three, His father carried him to the throne. At the start of the coronation, the sudden drum-beating and loud music caught the young emperor unprepared .He was so scared that he kept crying and shouting,”I don’t want to stay here."

今天有幸陪同大家一道參觀，我感到很高興。這里就是世界聞名的故宮博物館，一般大家都簡(jiǎn)稱它為故宮，顧名思義，就是昔日的皇家宮殿。自1911年清朝末代皇帝愛新覺羅.溥儀被迫宣告退位上溯至1420年明朝第三代永樂(lè)皇帝朱棣遷都于此，先后有明朝的14位，清朝的10位，共24位皇帝在這座金碧輝煌的宮城里統(tǒng)治中國(guó)長(zhǎng)達(dá)五個(gè)世紀(jì)之久。帝王之家，自然規(guī)模宏大，氣勢(shì)磅礴，時(shí)至今日這里不僅在中國(guó)，在世界上也是規(guī)模最大，保存最完整的古代皇家宮殿建筑群。由于這座宮城集中體現(xiàn)了我國(guó)古代建筑藝術(shù)的優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)和獨(dú)特風(fēng)格，所以在建筑史上具有十分重要的地位，是建筑藝術(shù)的經(jīng)典之作，1987年已被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織評(píng)定為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。

故宮又稱紫禁城，究其由來(lái)，是由天文學(xué)說(shuō)和民間傳說(shuō)相互交融而形成的。中國(guó)古代天文學(xué)家將天上所有的星宿分為三垣、二十八宿、三十一天區(qū)。其中的三垣是指太微垣、紫微垣和天市垣。紫微垣在三垣的中央，正符合“紫微居中”的說(shuō)法。因此，古人認(rèn)為紫外線微垣是天帝之座，故被稱為紫宮?；实凼翘斓壑印⑷碎g至尊，因此他們也要模仿天帝，在自己宮殿的名字上冠其紫字，以表現(xiàn)其位居中央，環(huán)視天下的帝王氣概。還有一個(gè)說(shuō)法就是指“紫氣東來(lái)”。傳說(shuō)老子出函谷關(guān)，關(guān)令尹喜見有紫氣從東來(lái)，知道將有圣人過(guò)關(guān)。果然老子騎了青牛前來(lái)，喜便請(qǐng)他寫下了《道德經(jīng)》。后人因此以“紫氣東來(lái)”表示祥瑞。帝王之家當(dāng)然希望出祥瑞天象，那么用“紫”字來(lái)命名也就順理成章了。“禁”字的意思就比較明顯了，那就是皇宮禁地，戒備森嚴(yán)，萬(wàn)民莫近。此話決無(wú)半個(gè)虛字，在1924年末代皇帝被逐出宮后這里正式開放以前平民百姓別想踏近半步，大家可以想像紫禁城過(guò)去是多么崇高威嚴(yán)，神圣不可侵犯啊!

紫禁城建在北京，是有其歷史的，也因?yàn)檫@里是一塊風(fēng)水寶地，說(shuō)起來(lái)話長(zhǎng)。故宮從明永樂(lè)四年(1406)開始修建，用了14年的時(shí)間才基本建成，到今天已有570多年的歷史。大家看到了，故宮是一級(jí)紅墻黃瓦的建筑群，為什么這樣呢?據(jù)道家陰陽(yáng)五行學(xué)說(shuō)認(rèn)為，五行包括金，木，水，火，土，其中土占中央方位，因?yàn)槿A夏民族世代生息在黃土高原上，所以對(duì)黃色就產(chǎn)生了一種崇仰和依戀的感情，于是從唐朝起，黃色就成了代表皇家的色彩，其他人不得在服飾和建筑上使用。而紅色，則寓意著美滿，吉祥和富貴，正由于這些原因，故宮建筑的基本色調(diào)便采用了紅，黃兩種顏色。

故宮占地72萬(wàn)多平方米，有宮殿樓閣9900多間，建筑面積約15萬(wàn)平方米。四周有高9.9米，號(hào)稱10米的城墻，墻外一周是52米寬的護(hù)城河，俗稱筒子河。城南北長(zhǎng)約960米，東西寬約760米，城上四角各有一座結(jié)構(gòu)奇異，和諧美觀的角樓，呈八角形，人稱九梁十八柱，七十二條脊。城四周各設(shè)一門，南面的正門是午門，北門叫神武門，東門叫東華門，西門叫西華門。故宮在施工中共征集了全國(guó)著名的工匠23萬(wàn)，民夫100萬(wàn)人。所用的建筑材料來(lái)自全國(guó)各地。比如漢白玉石料來(lái)自北京房山縣，五色虎皮石來(lái)自河北薊縣的盤山，花崗石采自河北曲陽(yáng)縣。宮殿內(nèi)墁地的方磚，燒制在蘇州，砌墻用磚是山東臨清燒的。宮殿墻壁上所用的紅色，原料產(chǎn)自山東宣化(今高青縣)的煙筒山。木料則主要來(lái)自湖廣，江西，山西等省。由此也可以看出當(dāng)時(shí)工程之浩大。

我們眼前的建筑叫午門。午門是紫禁城的正門，俗稱五鳳樓。明代，每年正月十五，午門都要懸燈賜食百官。到了清代這種活動(dòng)就取消了。每年農(nóng)歷十月初一，都要在這里舉行頒布次年年歷儀式，清代乾隆年間因避乾隆帝“弘歷”的名字，故將“頒歷”改稱“頒朔”。清代，皇帝舉行朝會(huì)或大祀，以及元旦，冬至，萬(wàn)壽，大婚等重大節(jié)日，都要在這里陳設(shè)鹵簿，儀仗。此外，國(guó)家凡有征戰(zhàn)凱旋時(shí)，皇帝在午門接受獻(xiàn)俘典禮，如果皇帝親征也從午門出駕。

關(guān)于“推出午門斬首”的說(shuō)法，可能是由于戲劇午臺(tái)上及野史小說(shuō)敷衍而來(lái)的。實(shí)際上是明代朝廷命官犯罪，有的在午門廷杖，當(dāng)然嚴(yán)重的可能也有被當(dāng)場(chǎng)打死的。

(進(jìn)午門后金水橋前)

現(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)到了故宮里面，在正式游覽之前，我先介紹一下故宮的布局和參觀路線。故宮占地72萬(wàn)多平方米，在這樣大的面積上，集各種建筑手法，建造一組規(guī)模如此宏大的建筑群，不但沒(méi)有紛雜現(xiàn)象，反而給人以結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，色彩輝煌和布局規(guī)整的感覺，最主要的手段是建造中突出了一條極為明顯的中軸紅，這條中軸線和整座北京城有機(jī)地結(jié)為一體，北從鐘樓，南至永定門，總長(zhǎng)度約8公里，皇家禁區(qū)苑內(nèi)的部分約占三分之一。宮內(nèi)重要建筑都在這條中軸線上，其它建筑分東西對(duì)稱分布。整個(gè)宮殿的設(shè)計(jì)和布局都表現(xiàn)了封建君主的“尊嚴(yán)”和對(duì)封建等級(jí)制度的森嚴(yán)。

故宮分外朝內(nèi)廷?，F(xiàn)在我們?cè)谕獬淖钅隙苏懊媸翘烷T。門前有一對(duì)青銅獅子，威嚴(yán)，兇悍，成了門前橋頭的守衛(wèi)者，象征著權(quán)力與尊嚴(yán)?；实圪F為天子，門前的獅子自然最精美，最高大了。東邊立的為雄獅，前爪下有一只幼獅，象征皇權(quán)永存，千秋萬(wàn)代。我們眼前的這條小河，叫金水河，起裝飾和防水之用。河上五座橋象征孔子所提倡的五德：仁、義、禮、智、信。整條河外觀象支弓，中軸線就是箭，這表明皇帝受命于天，代天帝治理國(guó)家。

(在太和門前)

故宮建筑分為“外朝”與“內(nèi)廷”兩大部分。由午門到乾清門之間的部分分為“外朝”，以太和、中和、保和三大殿為中心，東西兩側(cè)有文華、武英兩組宮殿，左右對(duì)稱，形成“外朝”雄偉壯觀的格局。三大殿前后排列在同一個(gè)龐大的“工”字型漢白玉石殿基上，殿基高8米，分為三層，每層有漢白玉石刻欄桿圍繞，三臺(tái)中有三層石雕“御路”。太和殿俗稱金鑾殿，是故宮最高大的一座建筑物，也是國(guó)內(nèi)最高大、最壯麗的古代木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑。乾清門以內(nèi)為“內(nèi)廷”，建筑布局也是左右對(duì)稱。中部為乾清宮，交泰殿、坤寧宮，是封建皇帝居住和處理日常政務(wù)的地方。兩側(cè)的東、西六宮是嬪妃的住所，東、西一所是皇子的住所。“內(nèi)廷”還有為皇家游玩的三處花園——御花園、慈寧花園、乾隆花園。內(nèi)金水河沿“內(nèi)廷”西邊蜿蜒繞過(guò)英武殿、太和門、文華殿流出宮外，河上有白玉石橋，沿河兩岸有曲折多姿的白玉雕欄桿，形似玉帶。故宮建筑絕大部分以黃琉璃瓦為頂，在陽(yáng)光下金碧輝煌，莊嚴(yán)美觀。

故宮中的建筑除了突出中軸線外，還用了各種手法，使宮城中各組建筑獨(dú)具特色。比如殿基的處理，殿頂?shù)男问剑谦F和垂脊獸的數(shù)目，彩繪圖案的規(guī)制等等。這樣，不僅使主要建筑更顯得高大，壯觀，而且還表現(xiàn)了宮中建筑的等級(jí)差別。民間傳說(shuō)故宮有房9999間半，說(shuō)天上的皇宮一共有房10000間，地上的皇帝自稱“天子”，不敢與其同數(shù)，所以就少了半間。這半間房在哪兒呢?它指的便是文淵閣西頭那一小間。實(shí)際上紫禁城有房9000余間，所謂的這半間是根本不存在的。文淵閣西頭一間，面積雖小，僅能容納一個(gè)樓梯，但它仍是一整間。文淵閣樓下是藏我國(guó)第一部《四庫(kù)全書》的地方，為了照顧布局上的美觀，所以把西頭一間建造的格外小。

(經(jīng)過(guò)太和門之后)

女士們、先生們，前面的大殿叫太和殿，俗稱金鑾殿，是故宮內(nèi)最大宮殿。建筑面積2377平方米，重檐廡殿頂，是殿宇中最高等級(jí)，為外朝三大殿中最大的一座。太和殿建在三層重疊的“工”字型須彌座上，由漢白玉雕成，離地8余米，下層臺(tái)階21級(jí)，中，上層各9級(jí)。

太和殿始建于公元1406年，經(jīng)歷了三次火災(zāi)和一次兵燹的毀壞，現(xiàn)在大家看到的是清朝建的。四個(gè)屋檐上各有一排動(dòng)物，原來(lái)是釘子，用來(lái)固定瓦片用的，后來(lái)?yè)Q成了神話傳說(shuō)中的動(dòng)物，據(jù)說(shuō)可以辟邪，而且數(shù)量越多，表明建筑越重要。太和殿上有9個(gè)，9是陽(yáng)之極數(shù)，依次為7、5、3、1，平民百姓家是不允許有這種裝飾的。

明清兩朝曾有24個(gè)皇帝在此登基，宣布即位詔書。元旦、冬至、皇帝生日、冊(cè)立皇后、頒布法令、政令、派將出征、金殿傳臚以及賜安等等，皇帝都要在這里舉行儀式，接受文武百官朝賀。

這個(gè)廣場(chǎng)是太和殿廣場(chǎng)，面積達(dá)3萬(wàn)平方米。整個(gè)廣場(chǎng)無(wú)一草一木，空曠寧?kù)o，給人以森嚴(yán)肅穆的感覺。正中為御路，左右地面鋪的磚橫七豎八，共15層，以防有人挖地道進(jìn)入皇宮。周圍有一些大缸，是做什么用的呢?在故宮里一共有308個(gè)大缸，是用來(lái)儲(chǔ)水防炎的，缸下可燒炭加溫，防止冬天缸水結(jié)冰。為什么要建這么大的廣場(chǎng)呢·那是是為了讓人們感覺到太和殿的雄偉壯觀。站在下面向前望去：藍(lán)天之下，黃瓦生輝。層層石臺(tái)，如同白云，加上香煙繚繞，整個(gè)太和殿好像天上仙境一樣。舉行大典時(shí)，殿內(nèi)的琺瑯仙鶴盤上點(diǎn)上蠟燭，香亭、香爐燒檀香，露臺(tái)上的銅爐、龜、鶴燃松柏枝，殿前兩側(cè)香煙繚繞，全場(chǎng)鴉雀無(wú)聲?；实鄣巧蠈氉鶗r(shí)，鼓樂(lè)齊鳴，文武大臣按呂級(jí)跪伏在廣場(chǎng)，仰望著云中樓閣山呼萬(wàn)歲，以顯示皇帝無(wú)上權(quán)威與尊嚴(yán)。

清朝末代皇帝溥儀1908年底登基時(shí)，年僅3歲，由他父親攝政王載灃把他抱扶到寶座上。當(dāng)大典開始時(shí)差，突然鼓樂(lè)齊鳴，嚇得小皇帝哭鬧不止，嚷著要回家去。載灃急得滿頭大汗，只好哄著小皇帝說(shuō)：“別哭，別哭，快完了，快完了!”大臣們認(rèn)為此話不吉祥，說(shuō)來(lái)也巧，3年后清朝果真就滅亡了，從而結(jié)束了我國(guó)2000多年的封建統(tǒng)治。

(在太和殿的石臺(tái)上)

這是銅香爐，，是皇帝舉行典禮時(shí)焚燒檀香用的。這里一共有18座，代表清朝18個(gè)省。殿外左右安放四個(gè)銅缸，象征”金甌無(wú)缺“，作為貯水防火之用。臺(tái)基東西兩側(cè)各有一只銅制仙鶴和龜，是長(zhǎng)壽的象征。這個(gè)由鉛鑄造成的器具叫嘉量，嘉量是當(dāng)時(shí)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)器，表示皇帝公平處事，誰(shuí)半斤,誰(shuí)八兩，心中自然有數(shù)。對(duì)面還有一個(gè)石頭做成的器具叫做日晷，是古代的測(cè)時(shí)儀。皇帝的意思是：量和時(shí)的基準(zhǔn)都在自己手里。

太和殿正面有12根圓紅柱，東西約63米，南北進(jìn)深約37米，高35米，殿前丹陛三層五出，殿前后有金扉40個(gè)，金鎖窗16個(gè)，整個(gè)大殿雕梁畫棟，豪華富麗。殿內(nèi)中央設(shè)有2米高的平臺(tái)，上面擺放著雕有9條金龍的楠木寶座。后面有金漆圍屏，前面有御案，左右有對(duì)稱的寶象、角端、仙鶴、香筒等陳列品。象馱寶瓶，內(nèi)裝五谷，象征太平景象、五谷豐登。角端是我國(guó)古代神話傳說(shuō)中的一種神獸，可“日行一萬(wàn)八千里”，通曉四方語(yǔ)言，只有明君，它才捧書而至，護(hù)駕身旁。

太和殿也叫金鑾殿，為什么這么叫呢?因殿內(nèi)為金磚墁地而得名。金磚墁地平整如鏡，光滑細(xì)膩，像是灑了一層水，發(fā)著幽暗的光。那么金磚真的含金嗎?其實(shí)這是一種用特殊方法燒制的磚，工藝考究，復(fù)雜，專為皇宮而制，敲起來(lái)有金石之聲，所以稱作“金磚”。燒這種磚，每一塊相當(dāng)于一石大米的價(jià)錢，可見金磚雖不含金，但也確實(shí)貴重。

殿內(nèi)共有72根大主柱，支撐其全部重量，其中6根雕龍金柱，瀝粉貼金，圍繞著寶座周圍。在殿中央有一藻井，是從古代“天井”和“天窗”形式演變面來(lái)，為中國(guó)古代建筑的特色之一。主要設(shè)置在“尊貴”的建筑物上，有“神圣”之意。在藻井中央部位，有一浮雕蟠龍，口銜一球(球?yàn)殂~胎中空，外涂水銀)，此球叫軒轅鏡，傳說(shuō)是遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代軒轅黃帝制造的，懸球與藻井蟠龍聯(lián)在起，構(gòu)成游龍戲珠的形式，懸于帝王寶座上方，以示中國(guó)歷代皇帝都是軒轅的子孫，是黃帝正統(tǒng)繼承者。它使殿堂富麗堂皇，雍容華貴。鏡下正好對(duì)著寶座，據(jù)說(shuō)是袁世凱怕大球掉下來(lái)把他砸死，故將寶座向后挪到現(xiàn)在的位置。關(guān)于龍椅，這里面有段故事。1916年(民國(guó)五年)袁世凱登基時(shí)，把原來(lái)的寶座搬走了，換了一把西式高背大椅，上飾他自己設(shè)計(jì)的帝國(guó)徽號(hào)。據(jù)說(shuō)他的腿短，因而將椅座降低。新中國(guó)成立后，為了尋找那把龍椅，根據(jù)過(guò)去的一張照片，在破家具庫(kù)找到了一把破椅，經(jīng)專家鑒定，這椅子就是皇帝寶座，后經(jīng)修復(fù)展出。

(帶客人至太和殿東或西側(cè)銅缸處)

古人把陳設(shè)在殿堂皇屋宇前的大缸，稱為“門海”，門海者，蓋“門前大海”之意，古人相信，門前有大海，就不怕鬧火災(zāi)。因此，大缸又稱為吉祥缸。它既是陳設(shè)品，又是消防器材。在科學(xué)不民達(dá)的古代，宮中沒(méi)有自來(lái)水，更沒(méi)有消防器材。因此，缸內(nèi)必須長(zhǎng)年儲(chǔ)滿水以備不虞。

清代時(shí)，共有308口大缸，按其質(zhì)量分類三種，即鎏金銅缸、燒古銅缸和鐵缸，其中最珍貴的是鎏金銅缸。然而這些鎏金銅缸沒(méi)有逃脫侵略者刺刀刮體的厄運(yùn)。侵略者是誰(shuí)?是英、美、德、法、俄、日、意、奧八國(guó)聯(lián)軍。為了鎮(zhèn)壓中國(guó)人民反帝的義和團(tuán)運(yùn)動(dòng)，1900年的8月13日至8月15日，八國(guó)聯(lián)軍攻陷北京，進(jìn)占紫禁城。救死扶傷和軍官們燒、殺、搶、掠，從宮中及頤和園等處動(dòng)掠奪的文物在各侵略國(guó)使館區(qū)堆積如山，至今仍有大量文物被倫敦、巴黎、紐約博物館攫為已有。這一切包括眼前這口缸上的道道刮痕都已成為帝國(guó)主義侵略中國(guó)的鐵證。是偽統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，大缸被拉出宮門，裝上日本侵略軍的卡車，用去制作子彈，再反過(guò)來(lái)屠殺我國(guó)人民。

(中和殿前)

眼前這個(gè)方形建筑是中和殿。皇帝舉行大典前，先到此暫坐休息，會(huì)見一些官員?；实廴ヌ?、地、日、月四壇祭祀時(shí)，前一天也要在中和殿里看祭文。每年二月皇帝到先家壇舉行親耕儀式，前一天要來(lái)這里閱視種子、農(nóng)具、祝文。這里現(xiàn)在陳列的是乾隆年間的兩面三刀頂肩輿，即八抬大轎

城角

故宮的四個(gè)城角，每一個(gè)角上有一座九梁十八柱七十二條脊的角樓，建造的可好看了。這四座角摟是怎么蓋的呢?北京有這么個(gè)傳說(shuō)——

明朝的燕王朱隸在南京做了永樂(lè)皇帝以后，因?yàn)楸本┦撬鐾鯛敃r(shí)候的老地方，就想遷都北京，于是就派了親信大臣到北京蓋皇官。朱隸告訴這個(gè)大臣：要在皇宮外墻——紫禁城的四個(gè)犄角上，蓋四座樣子特別美麗的角樓，每座角樓要有九梁十八柱、七十二條脊。并且說(shuō)：“你就做這個(gè)管工大臣吧，如果修蓋的不好是要?dú)㈩^的!”管工大臣領(lǐng)了皇帝的諭旨后，心里非常發(fā)愁，不知如何蓋這九梁十八柱、七十二條脊的角樓。

管工大臣到了北京以后，就把八十一家大包工木廠的工頭、木匠們都叫來(lái)，跟他們說(shuō)了皇帝的旨意，限期三個(gè)月，叫他們一定要按期蓋成這四座怪樣子的角樓，并且說(shuō)：“如果蓋不成，皇帝自然要?dú)⑽业念^，可是在沒(méi)殺我的頭之前，我就先把你們的頭砍了，所以當(dāng)心你們的腦袋。”工頭和木匠們對(duì)這樣的工程都沒(méi)把握，只好常常在一塊琢磨法子。

三個(gè)月的期限是很短的，一轉(zhuǎn)眼就是一個(gè)月了，工頭和木匠們還沒(méi)想出一點(diǎn)頭緒、一點(diǎn)辦法來(lái)，他們做了許多樣型，都不合適。這時(shí)候，正趕上六七月的三伏天氣，熱得人都喘不上氣來(lái)，加上心里煩悶，工頭和木匠們真是坐也不合適，躺也不合適。有這么一位木匠師傅，實(shí)在呆不住了，就上大街閑遛去了。

走著走著，聽見老遠(yuǎn)傳來(lái)一片蟈蟈的吵叫聲，接著、又聽見一聲吆喝：“買蟈蟈，聽叫去，睡不著，解悶兒去!”走近一看，是一個(gè)老頭兒挑著許多大大小小秫秸編的蟈蟈籠子，在沿街叫賣。其中有一個(gè)細(xì)秫秸棍插的蟈蟈籠子，精巧得跟畫里的一座樓閣一樣，里頭裝著幾只蟈蟈，木匠師傅想：反正是煩心的事，該死的活不了，買個(gè)好看的籠子，看著也有趣兒，于是就買下了。

這個(gè)木匠提著蟈蟈籠子，回到了工地。大伙兒一看就吵嚷起來(lái)了：“人們都心里怪煩的，你怎么買一籠子蟈蟈來(lái)，成心吵人是怎么著?”木匠笑著說(shuō)：“大家睡不著解個(gè)悶兒吧，你們瞧……”他原想說(shuō)你們瞧這個(gè)籠子多么好看呀!可是他還沒(méi)說(shuō)出嘴來(lái)，就覺得這籠子有點(diǎn)特別。他急忙擺著手說(shuō)：“你們先別吵吵嚷嚷的，讓我數(shù)數(shù)再說(shuō)。“他把蟈蟈籠子的梁啊、柱啊、脊呀細(xì)細(xì)地?cái)?shù)了一遍又一遍，大伙被他這一數(shù)，也吸引得留了神，靜靜地直著眼睛看著，一點(diǎn)聲音也沒(méi)有。

木匠數(shù)完了蟈蟈籠子，蹦起來(lái)一拍大腿說(shuō)：“這不正是九梁十八柱七十二條脊么?”大伙一聽都高興了，這個(gè)接過(guò)籠子數(shù)數(shù)，那個(gè)也接過(guò)籠子數(shù)數(shù)，都說(shuō)：“真是九梁十八柱、七十二條脊的樓閣啊，”

大伙兒受這個(gè)籠子的啟發(fā)，琢磨出了紫禁城角樓的樣子，燙出紙漿做出樣型，最后修成了到現(xiàn)在還存在的角摟。