外國人最想和你聊的文化話題：咖啡

　Realize Coffee Origin and Culture　了解咖啡的起源和文化

     1　咖啡的起源和咖啡文化
     One popular story about the discovery of coffee long ago is about Kaldi, a keeper of goats Kaldi was taking care of his goats in the highlands of Ethiopia where coffee trees have grown for centuries. He noticed that his goats became very excited and active after eating small fruits from a tree.
     Kaldi reported this discovery to a group of religious workers. When they made a drink out of the fruit, the religious workers realized they could stay awake for long hours of prayer. This knowledge about coffee soon spread all over the world.
     You might enjoy a cup of coffee at your local coffee shop. But coffee is part of an international industry. Research shows that as many as one-third of the people in the world drink coffee. Some people drink coffee for its rich smell and taste. Others like the awakening effect of caffeine, a chemical in coffee. But not everyone may know the story of coffee and how it is produced.
     Coffee trees are native to eastern Africa and areas of the Arabian Peninsula. Coffee was first grown and traded in the fifteenth century. Most coffee came from what is now Yemen. Soon, coffee was in high demand all over the Middle East. By the seventeenth century coffee had been introduced to Europe. European traders started bringing coffee plants to other parts of the world. The Dutch brought coffee to the islands of Indonesia. And by the twentieth century, most of the world's production came from Central and South America. Today, Brazil is the largest producer of coffee in the world.
     Most people know what a coffee bean looks like, but what about the plant? Coffee trees can grow up to nine meters high, but they are cut short for production. These trees have shiny dark green leaves that grow on opposite sides of each other on a stem. The plant produces a fruit that is called a coffee cherry.
     When the coffee cherries are ripe and ready to pick, they are bright, red and firm. Inside the fruits are the green coffee beans. After these beans are roasted at high temperatures they are ready to be made into a drink.
     2　常見咖啡種類的表達(dá)方式
     （1）black coffee　黑咖啡
     Black coffee is coffee without milk or cream, so you can taste the real flavor of coffee.
     （2）white coffee　白咖啡
     Ipoh "white" coffee is a popular coffee drink which originated in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. The coffee beans are roasted with palm-oil margarine, and the resulting coffee is served with condensed milk.
     （3）Cappuccino　卡布奇諾
     A cappuccino is an Italian coffee drink prepared with espresso, hot milk, and steamed-milk froth.
     （4）Caffè latte　拿鐵咖啡
     A latte is a coffee drink made with espresso and steamed milk.
     （5）Caffè Mocha　摩卡咖啡
     It is typically one third espresso and two thirds steamed milk, but a portion of chocolate is added, typically in the form of sweet cocoa powder
     （6）American Coffee/Americano　美式咖啡　Caramel　Macchiato 焦糖瑪奇朵
     Espresso　　　　　　　　　意式濃縮咖啡
     flavored-coffee　　　　　 加味咖啡
     咖啡店供應(yīng)的許多品種的咖啡有各種各樣的添加調(diào)味劑，如巧克力、酒、薄荷、丁香、檸檬汁、奶油、奶精等，各民族的人喝咖啡的口味也不同。常見的咖啡種類有：黑咖啡，白咖啡，意式濃縮咖啡，拿鐵咖啡，摩卡咖啡，卡布奇諾，鴛鴦，愛爾蘭咖啡。咖啡，可以陪伴自己度過許多愜意的時光。但是咖啡如過度食用則會中毒、上癮，產(chǎn)生一系列的不良反應(yīng)。
Part 2　Key words ＆ Sentences　關(guān)鍵詞語全知道
     Give me a decaf triple vente, 2 pump vanilla, non-fat, extra hot, stirred, no foam caramel macchiato with whip cream and caramel sauce top and bottom.
     給我一杯熱的、無咖啡因和泡沫的香草糖漿脫脂加奶油濃縮式焦糖瑪奇朵咖啡。
     The advent of big business coffee powerhouses like Starbucks has transformed coffee-drinking into an extremely popular and profitable industry that is quickly spreading across the globe.
     像星巴克這樣的大型商業(yè)咖啡連鎖店的出現(xiàn)已經(jīng)將傳統(tǒng)的咖啡飲品轉(zhuǎn)變成一種盈利的流行產(chǎn)業(yè)，并且在全世界范圍內(nèi)迅速發(fā)展。
     Coffee has a history dating back to at least the 9th century and has been a catalyst for social interaction across cultures and eras.
     咖啡的歷史可以追溯到9世紀(jì)，并被看成是一種超越文化和時代限制、促進(jìn)社會交往的催化劑。
     Originally discovered in Ethiopia, coffee beans were brought into the Middle East by Arab traders, spreading to Egypt, Yemen, Persia, Turkey, and North Africa by the 15th century.
     最初埃塞俄比亞人發(fā)現(xiàn)了咖啡豆，阿拉伯商人將其帶往中東地區(qū)，并在15世紀(jì)傳播到埃及、也門、波斯、土耳其和北非。
     Where there has been coffee, there has been the coffeehouse.
     哪里有咖啡，哪里就有咖啡屋。
     Coffeehouses have traditionally served as centers of social interaction, places where people can come to relax, chat, and exchange ideas.
     咖啡館自古以來就是一個供人們休息、聊天、交流思想和進(jìn)行社會交往的中心。
     The modern coffee shop is modeled on the espresso and pastrycentered Italian coffeehouses that arose with the establishment of Italian-American immigrant communities in major US cities.
     現(xiàn)代咖啡館借鑒意大利咖啡館的濃縮咖啡和圓心餡餅?zāi)Ｊ?，以至于在很多美國的大城市出現(xiàn)了一系列意大利裔移民聚集區(qū)。
     New York coffee shops were often frequented by the Beats in the 1950's. It wasn't long before Seattle and other parts of the Pacific Northwest were developing coffee shops as part of a thriving counterculture scene.
     在20世紀(jì)50年代，"垮掉派"也是咖啡館的?？汀２痪迷谖餮艌D和太平洋西北部的城市也出現(xiàn)了越來越多的咖啡館，并且迅速發(fā)展成為反傳統(tǒng)文化的中心。
     Although coffeehouses today continue to serve their traditional purpose as lively social hubs in many communities, they have noticeably adapted to the times.
     盡管今天的咖啡館仍然像過去一樣，在很多地方扮演著社會活動中心的角色，但它們顯著的特點是適應(yīng)時代。
     Rediscovering their purpose as centers of information exchange and communication, many coffee shops now provide their customers with internet access and newspapers. It has become extremely common to see someone sitting at a Starbucks listening to music or surfing the web on his or her laptop.
     重新作為信息交換和談?wù)摰闹行?，咖啡館為客人提供上網(wǎng)的途徑和報刊雜志。在星巴克看見有人聽歌或用筆記本上網(wǎng)是極為平常的事情。
     Coffee stores today also maintain a fairly identifiable, yet unique aesthetic：wooden furniture and plush couches, paintings and murals drawn on walls.
     直到今天，咖啡館仍然保持其清晰獨特的審美品味：木制的家具、舒適的沙發(fā)，以及墻上的彩繪和壁畫。
     Coffee, it would seem, is more than just a drink. From early on after its inception, coffee has been tied closely with cultural trends and has been indicative of important periods in history.
     可以說，咖啡已經(jīng)不僅僅是一種飲料。自始至終，它都和文化發(fā)展緊密相聯(lián)并且成為歷史重要時期的象征。
     Coffee was poured into the cups of the giants of the French Enlightenment as they changed the course of human thought, it was placed on the backs of Brazilian slaves in the era of Imperialism, its fragrance was in the air as Beat poets like Kerouac and Ginsberg wrote of their alienation.
     咖啡在改變了人類思想進(jìn)程的法國啟蒙運(yùn)動巨人們的杯中緩緩流動；咖啡是帝國主義時代巴西奴隸肩上沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)；咖啡在"垮掉派詩人"凱魯亞克和金斯堡描寫孤獨寂寥的空氣中肆意飄香。
     People in Seattle love coffee. Some say it's because Seattle has many rainy days and people need coffee to be happy. Others say coffee shops are popular because Seattle people are very laid-back and relaxed.
     西雅圖人喜愛咖啡。有人將這歸之于西雅圖氣候多雨，因此人們需要咖啡來保持心情愉快。也有人認(rèn)為咖啡館之所以風(fēng)行是因為西雅圖人生活閑適、愜意。
     Though coffee was already a popular drink elsewhere in Europe, Kolschitzky added cream and sugar to improve its bitter taste.
     雖然咖啡在歐洲的其他地方已經(jīng)是大眾化的飲料了，但是高西斯基加入了奶油和糖以改善咖啡的苦味。
     Coffee shops around the world are still places where people can relax and chat with friends.
     全世界的咖啡館仍是人們放松、與朋友閑聊的地方。