2016年公共英語(yǔ)三級(jí)考試每日練習(xí)題(9)

　　Section Ⅱ Use of English

　　(15 minutes)

　　Directions

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C or D on ANSWER SHEETl.

　　Text

　　A special lab at the University of Chicago is busy only 26 . It is a dream 27 where re-searchers are at work 28 dreamers. Their findings have concluded that 29 dreams from three to seven times each night, 30 in ordinary life a person may 31 none or only one of his dreams.

　　While the 32 sleep, special machines 33 their brain waves and eye movements as well as the body movements that 34 the end of a dream. Surprisingly, all subjects 35 soundly. 36 say that a person usually fidgets(煩躁).before a dream. 37 the dream has started,his body relaxes and his eyes 38 more active, as if the curtain _ 39 _on a show. When the machine 40 that the dream is over, a buzzer wakes the 41 . He sits up, records his dream,and goes back to sleep-perhaps to _ 42 some more.

　　Researchers have found that if the dreamer, is 43 immediately after his dream,he can usually recall the entire dream. If he is allowed to sleep even 44 his . 45 0f the dream will have faded. That's why most people have many dreams at night, but forget most of them in the morning.

　　26. [A] at noon [B] in the morning [C] at night [D] in spring

　　27. [A] mill [B] laboratory [C] hospital [D] classroom

　　28. [A] studying [B] studied [C] to study [D] having studied

　　29. [A] everyone [B] anyone [C] someone [D] no one

　　30. [A] therefore [B] if [C] despite [D] although

　　31. [A] miss [B] remember [C] realize [D] notice

　　32. [A] objects [B] experiments [C] goals [D] subjects

　　33. [A] manufacture [B] initiate [C] prepare [D] record

　　34. [A] signal [B] sign [C] sigh [D] assign

　　35. [A] work [B] wake [C] sleep [D] remain

　　36. [A] Subjects [B] Examiners [C] Computers [D] Observers

　　37. [A] Once [B] Never [C] Hardly [D] Frequently

　　38. [A] start [B] produce [C] become [D] appeal

　　39. [A] had gone up [B] has gone up [C] goes up [D] is going up

　　40. [A] decides [B] pronounces [C] refers [D] indicates

　　41. [A] researcher [B] body [C] sleeper [D] on-looker

　　42. [A] remember [B] forget [C] imagine [D] dream

　　43. [A] asleep [B] wakened [C] wakening [D] slept

　　44. [A] more five minutes [B] five more minute

　　[C] five minutes [D] five more minutes

　　45. [A] colour [B] record [C] memory [D] description

　　Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension

　　(40 minutes)

　　Part A

　　Directions :

　　Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEETl.

　　Text 1

　　It was fifteen past nine as Marie hurried into the office building where she was going to work.Her bus had inched along through heavy morning traffic, making her a few minutes late for her very first job. She decided to start out half an hour earlier the next day.

　　Once inside the lobby, she had to stand at the elevators and wait several minutes before she could get on one going to the sixth floor. When she finally reached the office marked "Smith Enter- prises" , she knocked at the door nervously and waited. There was no reply. She tapped on the door again, but still there was no answer. From inside the next office, she could hear the sound of voices, so she opened the door and went in.Although she was sure it was the same office she had been in two weeks before when she had the interview with Mr. Smith, it looked quite different now. In fact, it hardly looked like an office at all. The employees were just standing around chatting and smoking. In the front of the room, somebody must have just told a good joke, she thought, because there was a loud burst of laughter as she came in. For a moment she had thought they were laughing at her.

　　Then one of the men looked at his watch, clapped his hands and said something to the others.Quickly they all went to their desks and, in a matter of seconds, everyone was hard at work. No one paid any attention to Marie. Finally she went up to the man who was sitting at the desk nearest to the door and explained that this was her first day in the office. Hardly looking up from his work, he told her to have a seat and wait for Mr. Smith, who would arrive at any moment. Then Marie realized that the day's work in the office began just before Mr. Smith arrived. Later she found out that he lived in Connecticut and came into Manhattan on the same train every morning, arriving in the office at 9:35,so that his staff knew exactly when to start working.

　　46. Marie felt nervous when she knocked at the door because _ .

　　[A] it was her first day in a new job

　　[B] she was a little bit late for work

　　[C] she was afraid that she had gone to the wrong place

　　[D] there was no answer from inside the office

　　47. Marie could hardly recognize the office she went into as .

　　[A] she had been there only once

　　[B] Mr. Smith was not in the office

　　[C] nobody was doing any work

　　[D] the office had a new appearance

　　48. The people in the office suddenly started working because .

　　[A] they saw a stranger in the office

　　[B] their morning break was ended

　　[C] no one wanted to talk to Marie

　　[D] the boss was about to arrive

　　49. We can infer from the text that the employees of the enterprise . .

　　[A] would start their work by listening to a joke

　　. [B] were cold to newcomers

　　[C] were always punctual for work

　　[D] lacked devotion to the company

　　50. The best title for this text would be. .

　　[A] Punctual Like a Clock

　　[B] A Cold Welcome

　　[C] An Unpunctual Manager

　　[D] Better Late Than Never

　　Text 2

　　For most of us, dieting is a frustrating fact of life. With so much conflicting nutritional information about, it can be difficult to tell which weight-loss strategies really work. Let' s start by discounting these confusing myths.

　　1. All calories are created equal

　　What you eat, not how much, is the main factor behind weight gain, according to research.Calories from fat pack on the pounds. The reason: during digestion, the body burns many more calories metabolizing protein and carbohydrates than it does metabolizing fat.

　　2. Desserts are taboo

　　Cakes, pies and ice cream can sensibly be worked into a diet, the expert says. Moderation is the key. CVt down on other meals if you'll be eating out at a restaurant known for its rich sweets.Or indulge, but take only a few bites.

　　3. Fast foods are forbidden

　　A plain hamburger on a bun is still a healthful choice. So is grilled chicken or a green salad with low-cal dressing. But watch out for French fries, milkshakes and batter-dipped chicken or fish.

　　4. Fasting is the fastest diet

　　Some studies suggest that drastically reducing calorie intake switches the body into a " starvation

　　mode", which conserves calories and decreases your metabolic rate. The more frequently you deprive yourself of food, the better your body may get at storing calories. So, in the long run, repeated fasting may actually undermine your weight-loss efforts.

　　5. To keep weight off, simply watch what you eat .

　　According to experts, exercise combined with dieting ensures weight Joss better than dieting alone does. Experts also agree that sticking with regular, moderate exercise is more important that occasional vigorous workouts are. Obesity-researcher Kelly Brownell encourages patients to make a series of small physical efforts: taking the stairs instead of the elevator and parking the car far from where you are going and walking.

　　Most important, before getting caught up in dietary myths, let good sense shape your eating habits. Your body will thank you for it.

　　51. It cannot be inferred from the first paragraph that _ .

　　[A] the information about dieting is always- contradictory

　　[B] there are too many weight-loss strategies to choose from

　　[C] dieting is always troublesome to most people

　　[D] people should not believe the ideas of dieting

　　52. One of the elements to gain weight is _ .

　　[A] the amount of the food you eat

　　[B] over sleeping

　　[C] laziness

　　[D] the kind of food you eat

　　53. Which of the following saying is true about dieting?

　　[A] You can't eat sweets.

　　[B] Fast foods are not good.

　　[C] You should not neglect any meals.

　　[D] Fasting is always helpful

　　54. The phrase "starvation mode" means .

　　[A] being very hungry

　　[B] eating what you like when you are hungry

　　[C] weight-loss efforts

　　[D] being ready to eat

　　55. The word "shape" in the last sentence means .

　　[A] break [B] form

　　[C] get rid of [D] change

　　Text 3

　　Labor force is defined as being the total number of people who are available to work and earn income. This definition includes everyone who is employed or seeking paid employment,so it includes employees and the self-employed. Labor is one of the country's resources which can be combined with other resources to produce the goods and services required by the community. .

　　Though the size of the workforce relies greatly on the size of the total population,there are several other aspects which also affect it. The age distribution of the total population has a very marked effect on the available workforce. If the population has a high proportion of very young people or of those too old to work,then the available workforce would be lower than if there were an evenly spread age distribution.If the population grows rapidly from natural increase,i. e. the number of births greatly exceeds the number of deaths,then as a total population increases, the proportion in the workforce declines.

　　Sometimes a population is described as aging,which means that the birth rate is either falling or growing very slowly,and as people retire from the workforce, there are inadequate numbers of young people entering it to take place of those who are leaving it. The population is top-heavy with older people. So the percentage of the population in the workforce declines when there is either a rapid increase in births or a falling birth rate. '

　　The age distribution of the population has several important influences on the economy. If the population is aging and there is an increase in the number of people retiring without a corresponding increase in the number entering the workforce,this raises the problem of the ability of the economy to provide a reasonable level of social services to the retired group. If the aged are to be cared for in special homes or hotels,finance must be available for that purpose. If the size of the workforce is small relative to the total population,then the government tax receipts are relatively low and either the govemment has less money available to it or the workforce members have to be taxed more heavily.

　　56. Labor force is composed of .

　　[A] people who are available to work and earn income

　　[B] self-employed people only

　　[C] only those who are looking for an employment

　　[D] only the employees

　　57. The factor which does NOT influence the size of the worldorce is _ .

　　[A] the size of population

　　[B] age distribution of the population

　　[C] national economy

　　[D] natural increase

　　58. The conclusion which can be drawn safely from the second paragraph is that _

　　[A] a population growth from natural increase leads to a greater proportion of the work-force

　　[B] a large population does not necessarily mean a higher proportion of workforce

　　[C] the larger the number of the aged in a population,the higher the proportion of the workforce

　　[D] if the population has an evenly spreaded age distribution,the workforce will be lower

　　59. When a population is said to be aging,_ .

　　[A] more people are retiring than people entering the workforce

　　[B] the birth rate is growing '

　　[C] there is an oversupply of workforce

　　[D] young people outnumber old people

　　60. The population which is top-heavy with older people poses a problem to _ .

　　[A] the government [B] the economy

　　[C] the workforce [D] all of the above

　　Part B

　　Directions :

　　Read the following discussion. among five people about workplace dress, for questions 61 t0 65,match the name of each person. (61 t0 65) to one of the statements (A to G ) given below. Mark you answers on. you.r ANSWER SHEETl.

　　Marian :

　　I have a friend who is a team leader of about 25 employees who are primarily women. She' s found a trick that works for her most of the time, but -not always. Those staff who appear in much less than professional dressing are asked if their mother and father would think appropriate a picture of them dressed in what they believe is "OK" for work. If they say "yes", she then takes a picture and asks them to send it home. Having a camera helps. Having a visual proof drives her message home.

　　Catherine :

　　I think it really boils down to a moral question. Is it morally "right" to use our body to move ahead in business? Or should we instead emphasize intelligence, capabilities, creative and independent thought, professionalism, and other such qualities which many, many women possess, but whom are routinely neglected for promotions and are never glorified or emphasized in our culture. It' s okay to be a tough, competent lawyer like Ally Mcbeal, but you won't get noticed unless you look good in really short skirts. Having a nice body is a plus, but I think that there are tons and tons of styles of dress which can show off a nice body in a professional way.

　　Roget:

　　A lot of employees have finally gotten the message about inappropriate (不合適的) dress-down items such as jeans, shorts, revealing tops, etc. They are starting to wear the proper dress-down clothes. However, wearing the appropriate dress-down clothes doesn' t mean you're excused from ironing and it's certainly no license to wear dirty clothes. Wash and iron people! And guys, tuck your shirts in and put on a pair of socks!

　　Briggs:

　　I work in a large company that has adopted the business code. They have an outline of what is acceptable and what is not. On it you find the typical, no blue jeans, no mini-skirts, no bare feet or legs and that type of thing. I guess I agree with Jessica. Anyone with common sense knows how to dress appropriately for whatever environment he or she works in. I am a casual person by nature but I tend to wear the business dress in my office. I do see some people in my building wearing casually and they look strange there.

　　BiH:

　　You're forgetting the most important point-it's "their" business. They are the ones who have put financial resources on the line: who have a whole bunch to lose if the business goes bad: who are providing employment for others. Therefore, they get to make the rules. If that includes a dress code, then that's their right. If you'd like a different dress code-start your own business.

　　Now match each of the people (61 t0 65) to the appropriate statement.

　　Note: there are two extra statements.

　　Statements

　　61.Marian [A] We shall not be moved.

　　62. Catherine [B] Money means freedom.

　　63. Roget [C] Photos taking are pleasant.

　　64. Briggs [D] There are people who are so careless about dressing.

　　65. Bill [E] Action speaks louder than words.

　　[F] It is our society that must be blamed.

　　[G] You should wear appropriately where you are.

　　SectionIV Writing

　　(40 minutes)

　　Directions :

　　66. Suppose you borrowed a novel from your friend Jane. However, after several days you suddenly found that you lost it. Write a letter of apology to Jane. Your letter should include:

　　1) How did you lose it?

　　2) What' s your feeling and solution?

　　You should write approximately 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter. Use "Wang Lin" instead. You do not need to write the address.

　　第二部分英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用

　　參考譯文

　　芝加哥大學(xué)有一個(gè)特別的實(shí)驗(yàn)室只有在晚上才繁忙。這是一個(gè)進(jìn)行夢(mèng)的研究的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。在這里研究人員對(duì)做夢(mèng)的人進(jìn)行研究。他們從研究發(fā)現(xiàn)中總結(jié)出每天晚上每人都做3—7個(gè)夢(mèng)，盡管通常情況下一個(gè)人只能記住一個(gè)或忘記他所做的全部的夢(mèng)。

　　當(dāng)被研究對(duì)象睡眠時(shí)，特殊的機(jī)器記錄下他們的腦電波、眼球的運(yùn)動(dòng)及表示夢(mèng)結(jié)束的身體的運(yùn)動(dòng)。令人驚奇的是所有的被研究對(duì)象都睡得很熟。

　　觀察人員發(fā)現(xiàn)人在做夢(mèng)之前身體會(huì)不安地移動(dòng)。一旦夢(mèng)開始了，身體會(huì)放松，眼部則開始活躍起來(lái)，就像帷幕已經(jīng)拉開，演出即將開始。當(dāng)機(jī)器表明夢(mèng)已結(jié)束時(shí)，蜂鳴器會(huì)叫醒睡眠者。他會(huì)站起來(lái)，記錄下他的夢(mèng)，然后繼續(xù)睡，或許會(huì)做更多的夢(mèng)。

　　研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)如果一個(gè)做夢(mèng)的人在他的夢(mèng)結(jié)束之后馬上被叫醒，那么他一般能夠回憶出整個(gè)的夢(mèng)。如果他再睡上5分鐘，對(duì)于夢(mèng)的記憶就會(huì)逐漸消失。這就是為什么大多數(shù)人晚上做很多夢(mèng)，但早上卻幾乎都不記得了。

　　答案及解析

　　26.C【解析】此題考查對(duì)這篇文章的主要內(nèi)容的宏觀掌握。本篇是關(guān)于研究人員在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里研究人做夢(mèng)的類型。at night符合題意。

　　27.B 【解析】聯(lián)系上一句“在芝加哥大學(xué)的一個(gè)特殊實(shí)驗(yàn)室里”。只有B符合題意。

　　28.A【解析】“studying”在文中作伴隨狀語(yǔ)，B、C、D項(xiàng)則不合適。

　　29.A【解析】實(shí)驗(yàn)證明每人每夜都會(huì)做3—7個(gè)夢(mèng)。其他選項(xiàng)與題意不合。

　　30.D【解析】從上下文可以得出此處應(yīng)填表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞。therefore因此;if如果;despi不管，均不合題意。

　　31.B【解析】本句意為“但在日常生活中，一個(gè)人可能記不住或只記住一個(gè)夢(mèng)。”miss錯(cuò)過(guò);remember記住;realize意識(shí)到，實(shí)現(xiàn);notice注意到。

　　32.D【解析】此題考查對(duì)上下文的理解，subject實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象，只有表對(duì)象客體時(shí)才會(huì)用“object of sth.”的句型。

　　33.D【解析】此題考查對(duì)詞義的辨析。manufacture制造;initiate著手于;prepare準(zhǔn)備;record記錄。

　　34.B【解析】sign意為“標(biāo)志”，這里是當(dāng)動(dòng)詞使用。

　　35.C【解析】此題考查詞語(yǔ)搭配，soundly意為“安穩(wěn)的”，可以與sleep搭配，其他項(xiàng)均不符合。

　　36.D【解析】subjects實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象;examiners檢查者;只有observers觀察者符合題意。

　　37.A【解析】once -旦。hardly用于“hardly.when.…”結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　38.C【解析】become作系動(dòng)詞時(shí)意為“變得”，后接形容詞。

　　39.B【解析】此題考查的是時(shí)態(tài)，通篇用的都是現(xiàn)在時(shí)。這里是指“帷幕已經(jīng)拉開，演出即將開始”，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

　　40.D【解析】本句意為“當(dāng)機(jī)器表明夢(mèng)做完了，蜂鳴器會(huì)喚醒睡覺(jué)的人”。indicate意為“表明”，符合文意。

　　41.C【解析】此題考查對(duì)上下文的理解，意思是“蜂鳴器會(huì)喚醒睡覺(jué)的人”。

　　42.D【解析】實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象繼續(xù)睡覺(jué)，因?yàn)樗X(jué)過(guò)程中會(huì)出現(xiàn)很多夢(mèng)，根據(jù)40題的分析可知D。

　　43.B【解析】做夢(mèng)者應(yīng)是被叫醒，使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)，“be+過(guò)去分詞“表被動(dòng)。

　　44.D【解析】此題考查語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，再多睡5分鐘，表達(dá)應(yīng)為“數(shù)字+more+名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式”。

　　45.C【解析】由31題中的remember可推出此處是指對(duì)夢(mèng)的記憶逐漸消失。

　　第三部分閱讀理解

　　Part A

　　Text1

　　參考譯文

　　9點(diǎn)15的時(shí)候，瑪麗急匆匆地走進(jìn)她工作的辦公大樓。她乘坐的公車在早晨高峰期，慢得像蝸牛一樣。所以她第一天上班就遲到了幾分鐘。她決定明天提前半個(gè)小時(shí)出門。

　　她走進(jìn)大廳后，不得不站在電梯那兒等上幾分鐘才能搭上電梯上6樓。當(dāng)她最終到達(dá)標(biāo)著“史密斯企業(yè)”的辦公室時(shí)，她緊張地敲了敲門，等待著，但沒(méi)人應(yīng)。她又敲了兩下還是沒(méi)人應(yīng)。她聽到隔壁的辦公室里傳出說(shuō)話聲，于是她打開門，走了進(jìn)去。

　　雖然她肯定這就是兩周以前她接受史密斯先生面試的那間辦公室，但現(xiàn)在變化真的很大。實(shí)際上，這里根本就不像辦公室。雇員們?cè)谒南吕镎局?，邊抽煙邊聊天。她猜一定是有人在屋子的前面講了個(gè)很有趣的笑話，因?yàn)樗哌M(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候那邊爆發(fā)出很大的笑聲。剛開始她還以為他們?cè)谛λ?/p>

　　這時(shí)有個(gè)男人看了看表，拍了拍手并對(duì)其他人講了幾句話。在幾秒鐘的時(shí)間內(nèi)，每個(gè)人都迅速地回到他們的辦公桌旁，開始努力工作起來(lái)。沒(méi)有人注意到瑪麗。最后，她走向靠門口辦公的一位男士，向他說(shuō)明她是第一天上班。那人幾乎連頭都沒(méi)抬，只讓她坐下等史密斯先生，他隨時(shí)都可能走進(jìn)來(lái)。稍后她意識(shí)到原來(lái)員工們每天的工作都是在史密斯先生走進(jìn)來(lái)的前一刻才開始的。一段時(shí)間以后，瑪麗得知史密斯先生住在康涅狄格，每天早晨都乘同一趟火車來(lái)曼哈頓，9:35到達(dá)辦公室，所以他的員工很清楚該什么時(shí)候開始工作。

　　答案及解析

　　46.B【解析】第一天上班遲到，所以緊張。

　　47.D【解析】由第三段中“…it looked quite different now”可以看出，辦公室和以前相比，變化很大，答案選D。

　　48.D【解析】由末段中“Then Marie realized that the day's work in the office began just before Mr. Smith arrived”可知選D.

　　49.D【解析】顯而易見該公司職員對(duì)公司缺乏奉獻(xiàn)精神。

　　50.A【解析】標(biāo)題的選擇應(yīng)言簡(jiǎn)意賅，同時(shí)也可表達(dá)出作者的某種感情色彩，如本文中作者的諷刺意味比較濃。

　　Text 2

　　參考譯文

　　對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，節(jié)食是人生中一件煩人的事情。由于眾多有關(guān)營(yíng)養(yǎng)方面的信息相互矛盾，要講出哪一種減肥措施真正奏效不是件容易的事。先讓我們從解開這些擾人的謎團(tuán)開始。

　　1.所有食物產(chǎn)生的熱量都是一樣的。

　　吃什么而不是吃多少是長(zhǎng)胖的主要原因。來(lái)自脂肪的熱量(卡路里)使體重增加。原因是：在消化過(guò)程中，身體對(duì)蛋白質(zhì)和碳水化合物的代謝比對(duì)脂肪的代謝要消耗更多的熱量。

　　2.餐后甜食是大忌。

　　蛋糕、餡餅和冰淇淋可以合理地加進(jìn)日常飲食。關(guān)鍵在于適度。如果你要去一家以甜食著稱的飯店吃飯，那么你要在其他幾頓飯上少吃點(diǎn)?；蛘卟患庸?jié)制，但只能吃幾小塊。

　　3.禁用快餐食品。

　　面包夾一塊純精牛肉是有益健康的可供選擇的食品。同樣可以選擇烤雞或拌有低卡調(diào)料的綠色色拉。但是要小心法式油炸土豆條，奶昔和粘有用雞蛋和牛奶調(diào)制成的面糊的雞肉或魚肉。

　　4.禁食是最見效的減肥法。

　　一些研究表明：迅猛地減少卡路里的攝入量可使你的身體處于一種“饑餓狀態(tài)”，這既保存了卡路里又使你的新陳代謝速度減慢。你越不讓自己吃東西，你的身體就越會(huì)儲(chǔ)存熱量。因此，從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，反復(fù)禁食也許實(shí)際上是在破壞你減肥努力的成果。

　　5.要減肥只需注重你的飲食。

　　根據(jù)專家的看法，鍛煉結(jié)合節(jié)食比單獨(dú)注重節(jié)食更能做到減肥。專家們也同意堅(jiān)持經(jīng)常而又適度的鍛煉比偶爾做些大運(yùn)動(dòng)量的鍛煉更重要。肥胖病研究者K鼓勵(lì)病人做一系列少量的身體活動(dòng)：以爬樓梯代替坐電梯;把車停得盡量遠(yuǎn)一些。

　　最重要的是，不要相信關(guān)于飲食的一些不經(jīng)之談，讓理智決定你的飲食習(xí)慣。你的身體會(huì)因此而感謝你。

　　答案及解析

　　51.D【解析】本題是推理題，因A、B、C項(xiàng)均可以從文中推出，D則不能.故選D。

　　52.D【解析】本題是細(xì)節(jié)推理題，從對(duì)第—個(gè)謎團(tuán)的破解中可推知答案。

　　53.C【解析】本題是推理判斷題，考查對(duì)全文的整體把握?？捎门懦?，因A、B、D項(xiàng)均不對(duì)，故選C。

　　54.A【解析】本題考查對(duì)詞匯的掌握。starvation mode意為“饑餓狀態(tài)，”故選A。

　　55.B【解析】本題考查對(duì)詞匯的掌握，shape做動(dòng)詞對(duì)有“便成形”的意思，故選B。

　　Text 3

　　參考譯文

　　勞動(dòng)力指的是能夠進(jìn)行工作并獲取報(bào)酬的人的總數(shù)。這一定義包括所有已經(jīng)有工作和尋找有償職業(yè)的人，所以它包括雇員和個(gè)體經(jīng)營(yíng)者。勞動(dòng)力是一個(gè)國(guó)家的資源之一，和其他資源結(jié)合后就可以提供社會(huì)所需要的商品和服務(wù)了。

　　盡管勞動(dòng)力的數(shù)量很大程度上取決于國(guó)家的總?cè)丝跀?shù)，但其他方面的因素也會(huì)對(duì)它造成影響?？?cè)丝诘哪挲g分布對(duì)現(xiàn)有勞動(dòng)力有顯著影響。如果人口中有很大一部分是由于太年輕或太老而無(wú)法工作的人，可用勞動(dòng)力的數(shù)量就要少于年齡分布均勻的人口。如果人口的自然增長(zhǎng)速度過(guò)快，也就是說(shuō)出生人數(shù)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)死亡人數(shù)，那么總?cè)丝跀?shù)量增加而勞動(dòng)力的比率則下降。

　　有時(shí)，一個(gè)國(guó)家的人口會(huì)被描述成老齡化的人口，這就是說(shuō)出生率下降或者上升的速度都很緩慢，沒(méi)有足夠多的年輕人來(lái)填補(bǔ)退休勞動(dòng)力的空缺。人口年齡分布因?yàn)槔夏耆藬?shù)量多而變得不均衡。所以，出生人口增長(zhǎng)得過(guò)快或過(guò)緩，勞動(dòng)力占總?cè)丝诘谋嚷识紩?huì)下降。

　　人口年齡分布狀況對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)有幾個(gè)重要影響。如果人口正在老化，退休的人數(shù)增加的同時(shí)就業(yè)的人數(shù)卻沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的增加，就會(huì)衍生出沒(méi)有經(jīng)濟(jì)能力為退休人口提供適當(dāng)社會(huì)服務(wù)的問(wèn)題。如果老年人得在特定的福利院或是療養(yǎng)院接受照顧，社會(huì)就必須為此提供經(jīng)濟(jì)支持。如果勞動(dòng)力人數(shù)相對(duì)于總?cè)丝跀?shù)較小，政府的稅收也會(huì)相應(yīng)較少，結(jié)果就是或者

　　政府沒(méi)有足夠的錢為老年人提供福利，或者勞動(dòng)者的稅收負(fù)擔(dān)加重。

　　答案及解析

　　56.A【解析】由文中首句對(duì)labor force的定義可知選A。

　　57.C【解析】由第二、三段可知影響勞動(dòng)力規(guī)模的因素有the size of population,age distribution of the population以及natural increase.

　　58.B 【解析】第二段主要論述age disrribution對(duì)于勞動(dòng)力規(guī)模的影響。

　　59.A【解析】見第三段的第一句話。

　　60.D【解析】由末段可知old people過(guò)分增加，會(huì)給三方面造成影響：the govemment,the economy以及the workforce.

　　Part B

　　參考譯文：

　　下面幾段文字闡述了對(duì)于在工作場(chǎng)合穿著過(guò)于隨意的幾種不同觀點(diǎn)。

　　瑪麗安：我有一個(gè)朋友領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著一個(gè)有25名員工的工作組，其中大部分都是女性。她想到一個(gè)“小詭對(duì)”.這個(gè)“小詭計(jì)”在大部分時(shí)候都是有用但不是所有時(shí)候都有用。她會(huì)問(wèn)那些穿著過(guò)于隨便的衣服來(lái)上班的人她們的父母是否會(huì)欣賞她們上班時(shí)聞所穿的自認(rèn)為“還行”的衣服。如果她們回答說(shuō)“是”，那么我的朋友會(huì)給她們拍照片然后讓她們寄回家。照相機(jī)能幫上忙，視覺(jué)上的證據(jù)把她要傳達(dá)的信息帶回家。

　　凱瑟琳：我認(rèn)為這歸結(jié)到一個(gè)道德問(wèn)題，從道德上來(lái)說(shuō)，用我們的身體來(lái)使生意有所進(jìn)展，是對(duì)的嗎?還是我們應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)明智、能力、創(chuàng)造力和獨(dú)立思維、專業(yè)以及其他品質(zhì)?很多女性都擁有這些品質(zhì)，但是她們?cè)谖覀兊奈幕胁粫?huì)受到推崇或重視，晉升無(wú)份。成為Ally Mcbeal那樣強(qiáng)悍且有能力的律師也不錯(cuò)，但是你只有穿上超短裙看起來(lái)很漂亮才會(huì)被人關(guān)注。擁有漂亮的身體是一種優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是我認(rèn)為有無(wú)數(shù)的衣服能以職業(yè)的方式突顯漂亮的身體。

　　羅杰：許多雇員最終收到了著裝不合適的信息，比如說(shuō)牛仔、短褲、暴露的上裝等等。他們開始穿比較合適的休閑裝上班。然而，穿合適的休閑裝并不意味著不需要熨衣服，當(dāng)然穿臟衣服也是不行的。真該把這些人洗一洗，熨一熨!男同胞們，把你們的襯衫扎進(jìn)褲子里，并且穿上襪子。

　　布里格斯：我在一家引進(jìn)了商業(yè)規(guī)則的大公司上班。公司對(duì)哪些衣著可以接受和哪些衣著不可接受有規(guī)定。你會(huì)從中發(fā)現(xiàn)很典型的一些規(guī)定。不準(zhǔn)穿藍(lán)色牛仔，不準(zhǔn)穿迷你裙，不準(zhǔn)赤腳或露腿，諸如此類。我同意杰西卡的說(shuō)法。有常識(shí)的人都知道該怎樣寄著才能與自己所工作的環(huán)境相適應(yīng)。我生性隨意，但是在辦公室我會(huì)穿職業(yè)裝。我在公司大樓里見過(guò)穿得很隨便的人，他們?cè)谶@種環(huán)境下顯得很怪。

　　比爾：你忘了最重要的一點(diǎn)，那是他們自己的事情，是他們拿著財(cái)政資源去冒險(xiǎn)，如果生意不好的話，他們會(huì)傾家蕩產(chǎn)。他們給別人提供就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，如此，他們就能制定規(guī)則，如果這些規(guī)則也包括了衣著規(guī)定，那么那也是他們的權(quán)利。如果你喜歡別的衣著方式，那就自己開公司。

　　答案及解析

　　61.E 62.F 63.D 64.G 65.B

　　61—65題解析略。

　　第四部分寫作

　　66.范文

　　Dear Jane,

　　I am terribly sorry to tell you that I have lost the novel you were so kind to lend me last week.I read it every day and planned to finish it next week. However, when I came back home last evening,I couldn't find it.

　　1 will buy a new one for you. But I am afraid it can never replace theold one. Old books are like old friends. Once lost, they can never be replaced. They are connected with cherished associations which the new ones can never have. And for this irrecoverable loss,I feel really sorry.

　　Yours sincerely，

　　Wang Lin