動詞的時態(tài)（一）-英語語法
11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時的用法
1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。
時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。
I don’t want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時，用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時。
11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時的用法
1) 經常性或習慣性的動作，常與表示頻腮度的時間狀語連用。
時間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學事實。
The earth moves around the sun.
Shanghai lies in the east of China.
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 現(xiàn)在時刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個性。
I don’t want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時，用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作，表示言行的瞬間動作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標志，表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時。
11.2 一般過去時的用法
1)在確定的過去時間里所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。
時間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2)表示在過去一段時間內，經常性或習慣性的動作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3)句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth "到……時間了" "該……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了"
It is time for you to go to bed. 你該睡覺了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早該睡覺了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示’寧愿某人做某事’
I’d rather you came tomorrow.
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時，作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。
I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：
一般過去時表示的動作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含義：她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含義：達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)
注意： 用過去時表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。
1)動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else?
I wondered if you could help me.
2)情態(tài)動詞 could, would.
Could you lend me your bike?
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do："過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
Scarf used to take a walk. (過去常常散步)
be used to + doing： 對……已感到習慣，或"習慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動名詞。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習慣于散步)
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It’s 69568442.
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語，但從語意上看 出，在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發(fā)生在過去，因此應用過去時。
11.4 一般將來時
1) shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。
will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭求意見時常用于第二人稱。
Which paragraph shall I read first.
Will you be at home at seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式，表示將來。
a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表將來，按計劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。
11.5 be going to / will
用于條件句時， be going to 表將來
will 表意愿
If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排)
I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)
11.8 用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來
意為："意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I’m leaving tomorrow.
Are you staying here till next week?
11.9 現(xiàn)在完成時
現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動作或狀 態(tài)，其結果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去 但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或 狀態(tài)。其構成： have (has) +過去分詞。
11.10 比較過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時
1)過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情，強調動作;現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的，強調過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響，強調的是影響。
2)過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用，或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:
yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語
共同的時間狀語:
this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不確定的時間狀語
3)現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，動詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
過去時常用的非持續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
舉例：
I saw this film yesterday.
(強調看的動作發(fā)生過了。)
I have seen this film.
(強調對現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內容已經知道了。)
Why did you get up so early?
(強調起床的動作已發(fā)生過了。)
Who hasn’t handed in his paper?
(強調有卷子，可能為不公平競爭。)
She has returned from Paris.
她已從巴黎回來了。
She returned yesterday.
她是昨天回來了。
He has been in the League for three years.
(在團內的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He has been a League member for three years.
(是團員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入團，joined為短暫行為。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White?
---He’s already been sent for.
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時，要用過去時。
(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句型
1)It is the first / second time…. that…結構中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is the… that…結構，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時.
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.
這是我看過的最好的電影。
This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
典型例題
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應為現(xiàn)在完成時，故選B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it’s the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時。
注意：非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時間的狀語連用。即動作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。
(錯)I have received his letter for a month.
(對)I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比較since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間，for用來說明動作延續(xù)時間長度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
I have lived here since I was born..
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.
(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)
小竅門： 當現(xiàn)在完成時+一段時間，這一結構中，我們用下面的公式轉化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動詞在完成時中的誤使。
1) (對) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (錯) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對，它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
11.13 since的四種用法
1) since +過去一個時間點 (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段時間+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
3) since +從句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段時間+ since從句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
11.14 延續(xù)動詞與瞬間動詞
1) 用于完成時的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動詞表示經驗、經歷; 瞬間動詞表示行為的結 果，不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。 (表結果)
I’ve known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷)
2) 用于till / until從句的差異
延續(xù)動詞用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"
He didn’t come back until ten o’clock.
他到10 點才回來。
He slept until ten o’clock.
他一直睡到10點。
典型例題
1. You don’t need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題后句強調對現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復發(fā)生的動作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時。
2.---I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應用現(xiàn)在完成時。
