動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)（二）-英語語法

　　11.15 過去完成時(shí)

　　1) 概念：表示過去的過去

　　----|-------|-----|---->其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。

　　那時(shí)以前　 那時(shí)　現(xiàn)在

　　2) 用法

　　a.　在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。

　　She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

　　b. 狀語從句

　　在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。

　　When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

　　c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"

　　We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.

　　3)　過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。

　　He said that he had learned some English before.

　　By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

　　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

　　典型例題

　　The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.

　　A. had written, left　B，were writing, has left　 C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left

　　答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過去的動(dòng)作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于……"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此

　　前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

　　注意：　had no … when　　　　　還沒等…… 就……

　　had no sooner… than　　剛…… 就……

　　He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

　　11.16 用一般過去時(shí)代替完成時(shí)

　　1)　兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。

　　When she saw the mouse，she screamed.

　　My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.

　　2 ) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時(shí);如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。

　　When I heard the news, I was very excited.

　　3)　敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。

　　Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

　　11.17 將來完成時(shí)

　　1) 構(gòu)成will / be going to do sth.

　　2) 概念

　　a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。

　　b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或一獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

　　They will have been married for 20 years by then.

　　You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.

　　11.18 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：

　　a. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說話人說話時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。

　　We are waiting for you.

　　b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。

　　Mr. Green is writing another novel.

　　(說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)

　　She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.

　　c. 表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。

　　The leaves are turning red.

　　It’s getting warmer and warmer.

　　d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。

　　You are always changing your mind.

　　典型例題

　　My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.

　　A. has lost, don’t find　　 B. is missing, don’t find　C. has lost, haven’t found　 D. is missing, haven’t found.

　　答案D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。

　　11.19 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞

　　1) 事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞

　　have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue

　　I have two brothers.

　　This house belongs to my sister.

　　2) 心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞

　　Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate

　　I need your help.

　　He loves her very much.

　　3 ) 瞬間動(dòng)詞

　　accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.

　　I accept your advice.

　　4) 系動(dòng)詞

　　seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn

　　You seem a little tired.

　　11.20 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1) 概念：表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。

　　2) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景;一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。

　　3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語

　　this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while

　　My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.

　　It was raining when they left the station.

　　When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.

　　典型例題

　　1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.

　　A. made　 B. is making　 C. was making　 D. makes

　　答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。同　時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

　　2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.

　　read; was falling　B. was reading; fell　C. was reading; was falling　D. read;fell

　　答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當(dāng)……之時(shí)"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過去進(jìn)行;一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 "在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell (fall的過去時(shí))，是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。

　　11.21 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1) 概念：表示將來某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測將來會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。

　　She’ll be coming soon.

　　I’ll be meeting him sometime in the future.

　　注意：將來進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說 I’ll be having a talk with her.

　　2)常用的時(shí)間狀語

　　Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening

　　By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach.

　　11.22 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)

　　時(shí)間狀語從句，條件句中，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)

　　When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately

　　He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。

　　典型例題

　　(1)He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.

　　A. had not given; had not succeeded　　B. would not give; succeed

　　C. will not give; succeed　　　　　　 D. would not give; will succeed.

　　答案B. 在時(shí)間，條件或讓步主語從句中一般不用將來時(shí)。本題有He said，故為過去式。主句用將來時(shí)，故選B. 此處用一般過去式代替了過去將來時(shí)。

　　(2) 表示現(xiàn)在已安排好的未來事項(xiàng)，行程等活動(dòng)。

　　The museum opens at ten tomorrow.　博物館明天10點(diǎn)開門。(實(shí)際上每天如此。)

　　11.23 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替過去時(shí)

　　1 )"書上說"，"報(bào)紙上說"等。

　　The newspaper says that it’s going to be cold tomorrow.

　　報(bào)紙上說明天會(huì)很冷的。

　　2) 敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。

　　Napoleon’s army now advances and the great battle begins.

　　11.24 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)

　　1) 有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)：

　　hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,　remember.

　　I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.

　　I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.

　　2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"

　　3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.

　　11.25 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1) 句型：Here comes… ; There goes…

　　Look, here comes Mr. Li.

　　11.26 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)

　　1) 表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。

　　Are you staying with us this weekend? 這周和我們一起度周末嗎?

　　We are leaving soon.　 我們馬上就走。

　　2) 漸變動(dòng)詞，如：get, run, grow, become, begin及die。

　　He is dying.

　　11.27 時(shí)態(tài)一致

　　1) 如果從句所敘述的為真理或不變的事實(shí)，則永遠(yuǎn)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.

　　He told me last week that he is eighteen.

　　2) 賓語從句中的助動(dòng)詞ought, need, must, dare 時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。

　　He thought that I need not tell you the truth.

　　11.28 時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語

　　時(shí)間狀語

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)　　every …, sometimes,　at …, on Sunday,

　　一般過去時(shí)　　yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now

　　一般將來時(shí)　　next…, tomorrow, in+時(shí)間,

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)　　for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently

　　過去完成時(shí)　　before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as

　　過去進(jìn)行時(shí)　　this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while

　　將來進(jìn)行時(shí)　　soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening