就業(yè)挑戰(zhàn)：農(nóng)村畢業(yè)生何去何從

人們常說(shuō)教育改變命運(yùn)，對(duì)于出生農(nóng)村的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生更是如此，而現(xiàn)實(shí)卻是殘酷的。他們沒(méi)有父母提供的人脈資源，缺乏社交技能，眼界也不如城市學(xué)生開(kāi)闊，找一份好工作常常困難重重。但是他們能吃苦、有毅力，一旦開(kāi)闊了眼界，提高了社交能力，成功也并非遙遙無(wú)期。

Chen Chenggong's family back in Ningde, Fujian province, has always been proud of his accomplishments. The 22-year-old graduate of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture is the first in his hometown to enter a college in Beijing.

陳成功的老家在福建省寧德市，他一直是家里人的驕傲。今年22歲的他剛從北京建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)，是他們老家第一個(gè)考到北京的大學(xué)生。

However, Chen still finds that the white-collar lifestyle remains far out of reach.

不過(guò)陳成功發(fā)現(xiàn)白領(lǐng)生活還是遙不可及。

"I was raised to believe a college degree was a sure route to a comfortable life. But after months of searching for a job, I only receive offers with salaries lower than what factory workers earn. It's as if I never went to college at all," he said.

“我從小就被灌輸上了大學(xué)就能過(guò)上好日子的思想。但是找了幾個(gè)月的工作，我只找到了一些比工廠工人的工資還低的工作。這樣算起來(lái)大學(xué)是白念了，”他說(shuō)。

It is a dilemma echoed by other rural and small town students. Once graduation rolls around, they face more difficulties climbing up the social ladder than their urban peers.

這是農(nóng)村和小城鎮(zhèn)學(xué)生面臨的困境。一旦臨近畢業(yè)，他們登上更高社會(huì)階層的難度比城市同齡人大得多。

According to a 2014 report from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the unemployment rate among college graduates from urban families is about 12 percent, while for graduates from rural backgrounds it's 30 percent.

2014年中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院的一項(xiàng)報(bào)告顯示：城市家庭出生大學(xué)的畢業(yè)生的失業(yè)率為12%，而來(lái)自農(nóng)村的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生失業(yè)率為30%。

A separate 2014 report by the China Youth & Children Research Center points out a similar gap between small town and urban graduates.

2014年另一份由中國(guó)青少年研究會(huì)提供的報(bào)告指出小城鎮(zhèn)和城市畢業(yè)生之間也有類(lèi)似的差距。

Roadblocks to success

成功不易

This gap is one of the clearest expressions of the hardening barriers to social mobility, according to Tian Feng, the report's lead researcher. She explains social mobility as a person's ability to move from one class to another.

該報(bào)告的首席研究者田豐認(rèn)為，這種差距恰好是社會(huì)流動(dòng)性降低的表現(xiàn)之一。她將社會(huì)流動(dòng)性解釋為人從一個(gè)階層流動(dòng)到另一個(gè)階層的能力。

"The current social mobility in China is low. Many urban graduates, with their well-off parents' social networking, have a better chance to secure a decent job. Their family's already privileged social status is quickly passed on to the next generation in this form," she said.

“當(dāng)前中國(guó)的社會(huì)流動(dòng)性很低。許多城市畢業(yè)生憑借父母的人脈關(guān)系有機(jī)會(huì)找到體面的工作。通過(guò)這種方式，他們家庭享有的社會(huì)特權(quán)很快就能傳遞給下一代，“她說(shuō)。

While this trend could easily be dismissed as only affecting individuals, it actually has a major impact on social equity on the macro level, said Liu Jingming, a professor of sociology at Tsinghua University.

清華大學(xué)社會(huì)學(xué)系教授劉精明認(rèn)為：如果只是某些個(gè)體受到影響，這種風(fēng)氣很容易被打破，但事實(shí)上它已經(jīng)從宏觀層面影響了社會(huì)平等。

"Low social mobility will ultimately result in class solidification. When that happens, not only will individuals have little chance to move up the social pyramid, their offspring will also be less likely to end up in a different class, enjoying better social resources and opportunities," he said.

“低社會(huì)流動(dòng)性最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致階層固化。一旦階層固化，不僅個(gè)人沒(méi)有機(jī)會(huì)爬到社會(huì)金字塔的上端，他們的后代也將無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)階層流動(dòng)，享受更好的社會(huì)資源和機(jī)會(huì)，“他說(shuō)。

Though he has met difficulties, Chen doesn't lose faith in his future. And he finally gets a job at a Beijing-based architecture design institute.

盡管陳成功面臨不少困難，但他并未喪失對(duì)未來(lái)的信心。最終他獲了了北京某建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院的工作。

"Compared to previous generations, I've already gotten the chance to experience the world outside of our village. I got to know all sorts of information online. And I also made my own connections," he said.

“和上一輩比，我有機(jī)會(huì)看到我們村子之外的世界。我能從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上學(xué)到知識(shí)。我也能建立自己的社會(huì)關(guān)系，“他說(shuō)。

Different mind set

換種思路

Li Chunling, a professor of sociology at Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, encourages all graduates to share that kind of resilient spirit.

中國(guó)社會(huì)科學(xué)院社會(huì)學(xué)研究所研究員李春玲鼓勵(lì)所有的畢業(yè)生保持樂(lè)觀的精神。

She attributes the disadvantages of coming out of small towns and rural areas to the lack of socialization. It can be remedied in college and later in life, as students broaden their horizons, develop their own social networks and pick up social skills they once lacked.

她將出生農(nóng)村地區(qū)和小城鎮(zhèn)的弊端歸結(jié)為缺乏社交資源。只要學(xué)生開(kāi)闊了眼界，發(fā)展出自己的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)，學(xué)會(huì)了他們?nèi)狈Φ纳缃患寄?，這是可以在大學(xué)和未來(lái)生活中彌補(bǔ)的。

"Our research has shown that the rural-urban employment gap mainly exists in the first two years after graduation," she said.

“我們的研究顯示農(nóng)村和城市畢業(yè)生就業(yè)率差距主要集中在畢業(yè)的頭兩年，“她說(shuō)。

Students with rural backgrounds have their advantages too. "They are tough and have a lot of perseverance, which can help them in bridging that gap," she said.

農(nóng)村背景的學(xué)生也有他們的優(yōu)勢(shì)。“他們更堅(jiān)韌，更有毅力，這是他們填平差距的法寶，“她說(shuō)。