新編大學英語閱讀(浙大版)05

[00:00.00]Hackers,Crackers and Trackers [00:01.76]黑客、破壞者和追蹤者 [00:03.53]1 Coursing through arteries,replicating along the way,edging into new sites to wreak havoc, [00:07.13]這種病毒通過主干線，一路繁殖，漸漸擴大范圍造成嚴重破壞， [00:10.73]the virus at first seemed like any other virus that eventually would be defeated by the host's defense mechanisms. [00:15.14]最初看起來似乎和別的病毒一樣，最初會被主機的防御系統(tǒng)消滅， [00:19.55]This,however,was a new,more powerful virus,and it would take advantage of the system's weaknesses, [00:23.49]實際上這是一種新的，更有殺傷力的病毒。能利用系統(tǒng)的弱點多次進行感染。 [00:27.43]infecting and reinfecting as it traveled through the host. [00:29.93]當它在主機內(nèi)活動時，進行傳染和再傳染 [00:32.44]2 The "Internet Worm",as the virus came to be know, [00:34.90]人們逐漸得知這種病毒名叫“因特爾網(wǎng)蟲”。 [00:37.37]worked its way into thousands of computers connected to the national information infrastructure. [00:40.88]這種病毒侵入了成千上萬臺與國家信息設施相連的電腦。 [00:44.39]Created by Cornell University student Robert Morris,it infected more than 6,000 systems, [00:48.33]科內(nèi)爾大學的學生羅伯特·莫里斯是這種病毒的創(chuàng)造者。它曾使6，000多個系統(tǒng)受到感染。 [00:52.27]jamming hard drives and erasing valuable information before being eliminated in November [00:55.96]使硬盤失靈，把所有的信息刪除掉，直到11月被消滅， [00:59.65]1988 by engineers at the University of California at Berkeley and at Purdue University in West Lafayette,Indiana. [01:05.29]直到1988年11月才被加利福尼亞大學伯克利分校和印第安納州西拉斐特的普度大學的工程師消滅。 [01:10.92]3 That was the first time the Internet and the destructive aims of certain computer experts made the national news. [01:14.83]就在那一次，因特網(wǎng)和某些電腦專家的破壞性企圖首次成為全國新聞。 [01:18.73]It wouldn't be the last. [01:20.14]但那次不會是最后一次。 [01:21.54]The Internet is just as susceptible to abuse as any other form of computer technology. [01:25.14]因特網(wǎng)和其他任何形式的電腦技術一樣容易被濫用。 [01:28.74]The only difference is that the malicious attack comes through telephone lines and across network connections. [01:32.74]唯一的區(qū)別是，這種病毒的攻擊是通過電話線和網(wǎng)絡連接的。 [01:36.73]Computer vandals can break into any system. [01:38.55]電腦破壞分子能闖入任何系統(tǒng)， [01:40.37]Whether it is transportation,finance or defense,no system is 100-percent safe.There will always be individuals who,for one reason or another,are eager to discover the weak spot in order to penetrate the system. [01:49.22]不管是交通、金融，還是防御系統(tǒng)，沒有哪個系統(tǒng)是百分之百安全的?？傆行┤藶榱烁鞣N各樣的原因迫切地想發(fā)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)的薄弱點而侵入系統(tǒng)。 [01:58.08]4 Who are these individuals and what do they want? [01:59.84]這些人是誰，他們想干什么? [02:01.61]Generally,people who break into computer systems are called"hackers". [02:04.51]這些闖入電腦系統(tǒng)的人一般被稱為“黑客”。 [02:07.40]Irrespective of their aims, [02:08.63]無論他們的目的是什么， [02:09.85]they tend to inspire a certain admiration because they are extremely clever and infinitely more knowledgeable than the average computer user. [02:14.80]他們往往受人欽佩，因為他們極其聰明，比一般的電腦用戶知識淵博得多。 [02:19.75]Breaking into computer systems--whether it is on the Internet, [02:22.02]闖入電腦系統(tǒng)——無論是因特網(wǎng)， [02:24.29]in a bank or a government office--is an illegal activity. [02:26.75]銀行或是政府機關的系統(tǒng)——都是違法行為。 [02:29.22]However,"ordinary?"hackers [02:30.62]但是“普通”黑客 [02:32.03]who penetrate and explore systems just for the intellectual challenge are regarded as less dangerous than"crackers". [02:36.49]人們往往認為那樣僅僅為了智力上的挑戰(zhàn)而侵入或探索系統(tǒng)的黑客不像“破壞者”那些危險。 [02:40.96]The latter are people who break into systems in order to steal or to destroy information. [02:44.50]“破壞者”是為了竊取或毀壞信息而闖入系統(tǒng)的人。 [02:48.05]They also can remove money from accounts, [02:49.54]某些黑客還能從帳戶中提走錢， [02:51.04]as Russian "crackers"demonstrated when they stole $ 10 million from Citibank's cash-management system in 1994. [02:55.68]如俄羅斯的“破壞者”曾于1994年從美國花旗銀行的現(xiàn)金管理系統(tǒng)中偷竊了一千萬美元。 [03:00.32]In fact,some experts estimate that the U.S.economy loses between $2 and $4 billion annually to computer vandals. [03:05.65]事實上，一些專家估計，每年美國由于電腦破壞者所造成的損失達20億到40億美元。 [03:10.98]5 The increasing number of hackers and crackers has forced police departments to create computer crimes squads. [03:14.80]黑客和破壞者人數(shù)的增加迫使警方創(chuàng)建了電腦犯罪追蹤隊。 [03:18.61]These law enforcement experts who watch all these illegal activities are known as "trackers". [03:22.03]這種監(jiān)視此類非法行為的執(zhí)法專家們被稱為“追蹤者”。 [03:25.45]According to a member of the new Computer Crimes Squad in San Francisco, [03:28.08]據(jù)舊金山新成立的電腦犯罪追蹤隊的一成員說， [03:30.71]the FBI does not want to needlessly harass the harmless hacker, [03:33.12]聯(lián)邦調查局不用去約束無危害性的黑客， [03:35.53]but it has a duty to catch the bad ones. [03:37.39]但它有責任抓住有危害性的黑客。 [03:39.24]No society that depends heavily on computer systems can afford to ignore either the potential dangers of hacking [03:43.18]任何一個非常依賴于電腦系統(tǒng)的社會都不會忽視黑客的潛在危險 [03:47.12]or the moral issues that hacking has raised. [03:48.89]或由此帶來的道德問題。 [03:50.65]6 Do hackers regard themselves as criminals? [03:52.33]黑客們認為自己是罪犯嗎? [03:54.00]Probably not. [03:55.04]或許他們不那么想， [03:56.09]But they do make a distinction between "good"and "bad"hacking. [03:58.46]但他們的確將黑客行為劃分為“善意的”和“惡意的”。 [04:00.84]Take,for example,the case of Ian,a 16-year-old hacker. [04:03.52]比如說16歲的黑客伊恩。 [04:06.20]He admits quite proudly that he knows how to defeat the registration process to get into systems which he enjoys doing just for the fun of it. [04:10.81]他很驕傲地承認他知道如何破譯登錄程序而進入系統(tǒng)。他喜歡這樣做僅僅是為了好玩。 [04:15.42]Nevertheless, [04:16.14]不過， [04:16.86]he prefers breaking into software programs rather than systems because there is less chance of being prosecuted. [04:20.46]他更愿意闖入軟件程序而不是系統(tǒng)，這樣不太可能被起訴。 [04:24.06]Ian never hacks for profit although he knows some who do work do money and even just for the fun of causing someone else headaches. [04:28.43]伊恩做這些從來都不為賺錢，盡管他認為一些確實是以賺錢為目的的，甚至以給別人制造麻煩為樂的黑客， [04:32.81]Like many members of the hacker community, [04:34.30]與黑客團體的許多成員一樣， [04:35.80]he does not feel morally obliged to turn "bad"hackers over to the authorities. [04:38.42]他并不認為在道義上他有義務將“惡意的”黑客們交給當局去處理。 [04:41.05]7 Jeff,a 27-year-old hacker,has different point of view. [04:43.55]27歲的黑客杰夫則持另一種觀點。 [04:46.06]He feels,on the contrary,that hackers do have the moral responsibility to report"crackers". [04:49.57]他認為黑客有義務去告發(fā)“破壞者”。 [04:53.08]He admits that he stopped being a "bad"hacker because he didn't want to go to jail. [04:55.94]他承認，由于不想坐牢他不再想當“惡意的”黑客了。 [04:58.80]He now works for a computer security company. [05:00.80]現(xiàn)在，他正在一家電腦安全公司供職。 [05:02.80]In other words, [05:03.61]也就是說， [05:04.42]he sells his skills as a hacker to a company that repairs flaws in systems to prevent break-ins by hackers of all kinds. [05:09.01]他把自己的黑客技術賣給從事修補系統(tǒng)缺陷公司以防止各處黑客入侵。 [05:13.60]However,in his spare time Jeff still continues his activities as a hacker because he considers it a way to expand his knowledge. [05:18.64]不過，工作之余，他仍繼續(xù)黑客活動，因為他認為這是一種擴展知識的途徑。 [05:23.68]8 Jeff's situation raises an interesting debate among computer and information executives, [05:26.86]杰夫的這種情況從事電腦和信息的經(jīng)理之間引起了一場有趣的辯論， [05:30.05]both in government and private enterprise:What can you do with a hacker or what can a hacker do for you? [05:34.28]在政府及私營企業(yè)中你能拿黑客怎么辦?黑客又能為你做點什么? [05:38.51]It seems obvious that a person capable of breaking into a system would also be capable of helping repair the flaws in a system. [05:42.68]顯然，一個能闖入系統(tǒng)的人也能幫助修復系統(tǒng)的缺陷。 [05:46.86]But should hackers be allowed to continue penetrating systems after they have been hired by the computer industry? [05:50.28]不過，當黑客被電腦產(chǎn)業(yè)雇傭后是還能被允許繼續(xù)去入侵系統(tǒng)呢? [05:53.70]Hacking is,after all,an illegal activity. [05:55.70]畢竟，黑客行為是一種違法行為。 [05:57.70]9 Because computer vandals can cause real damage, [05:59.60]由于電腦破壞分子會造成很大的損失， [06:01.51]Congress is taking a serious look at the security of computer systems and ways to deter intrusions by both"good"and"bad"hackers. [06:06.34]國會正在考慮采取措施，來保證電腦系統(tǒng)的安全和阻止“善意”“惡意”的黑客入侵， [06:11.16]Many public officials consider the issue of hacking one of the most important issues that government, [06:14.15]許多政府官員認為黑客問題是現(xiàn)今政府面臨的最重要的問題之一。 [06:17.14]and society as a whole,face today. [06:19.08]當今整個社會所面臨的問題 [06:21.02]However,progress has been slow because many intrusions go unreported by private and public sector organizations for fear of publicity. [06:26.24]然而，由于私人和政府部門掌管的企業(yè)害怕被人知道，有許多部門不愿意報告系統(tǒng)被侵事件，因此這一方面的進展一直很緩慢。 [06:31.46]When a break-in occurs, [06:32.42]發(fā)生系統(tǒng)被侵時， [06:33.37]companies and governmental departments are extremely reluctant to admit that their files have been stolen, [06:36.83]公司和政府部門都很不愿意承認他們的檔案被偷竊， [06:40.28]damaged or destroyed. [06:41.47]被破壞或是被毀壞。 [06:42.66]By admitting their vulnerability,they would undermine the confidence of the public. [06:45.43]如果承認自己不堪一擊，勢必會削弱公眾對他們的信任。 [06:48.20]10 Despite the potential danger of hackers, [06:49.70]盡管存在著黑客們的潛在威脅， [06:51.19]most computer security experts feel that people should not be afraid to use the Internet. [06:53.91]大多數(shù)電腦安全專家認為人們不應該因此而害怕因特網(wǎng)。 [06:56.63]It is a technology that,when used properly,can yield untold benefits. [06:59.67]如果使用得當。這項技術能帶來無限收益。 [07:02.71]The Internet allows scientists to share data, [07:04.57]因特網(wǎng)使科學家能夠共享數(shù)據(jù)。 [07:06.42]it helps students research history,and it allows journalists to report the news. [07:09.41]有助于學生研究歷史，方便記者們報道新聞。 [07:12.40]11 In the final analysis,America needs the Internet and the hackers that come with it. [07:15.62]總之，美國需要因特網(wǎng)，也需要隨之而出現(xiàn)的黑客們。 [07:18.84]If no one exposes the vulnerabilities, [07:20.24]如果沒有人揭露網(wǎng)絡的弱點， [07:21.65]they never get solved. [07:22.60]這些弱點就永遠得不到克服。 [07:23.56]So at least in one way hackers,the non-malicious ones,help us. [07:26.60]所以，黑客們，至少那些無惡意的黑客們在某種程度上幫了我們一個忙。 [07:29.64]New Words [07:30.45]單詞 [07:31.26]artery n [07:32.36]1)干線，要道 2)動脈 [07:33.46]Congress n [07:34.45]美國國會 [07:35.44]debate n [07:36.21]辯論，討論 [07:36.98]deter v [07:37.79]阻止，制止，防止 [07:38.60]enforcement n [07:39.79]實施，執(zhí)行 [07:40.98]hack v [07:41.88]私自存取他人計算機系統(tǒng)中的資料 [07:42.78]havoc n [07:43.73]混亂，大破壞 [07:44.69]infinitely adv [07:45.64]遠，甚 [07:46.60]infrastructure n [07:47.82]基礎結構，基礎設施 [07:49.04]irrespective adj [07:50.23]不考慮的，不顧及的 [07:51.42]malicious adj [07:52.55]惡意的 [07:53.69]non-malicious adj [07:54.91]無惡意的 [07:56.14]prosecute v [07:57.22]對……提出公訴，告發(fā)，檢舉 [07:58.30]registration n [07:59.70]登記，注冊 [08:01.10]reinfect v [08:02.24]再傳染 [08:03.37]replicate v [08:04.51]復制，自我復制 [08:05.64]software n [08:06.59]軟件 [08:07.55]tracker n [08:08.50]追蹤者 [08:09.46]untold adj [08:10.32]無數(shù)的，巨大的 [08:11.18]user n [08:12.08]使用者，用戶 [08:12.98]vandal n [08:14.12]故意破壞他人或公共財產(chǎn)者 [08:15.25]wreak v [08:16.44]造成(破壞等) [08:17.63]Microchips [08:18.53]微芯片 [08:19.43]1 No invention in history has so quickly spread throughout the world or so deeply touched so many parts of human existence as the microchip. [08:24.79]歷史上沒有任何其他的發(fā)明像微芯片一樣傳播得如此之快，對人類生活的方方面面有如此深的影響。 [08:30.16]Today there are nearly 15 billion microchips of some kind in use. [08:32.93]現(xiàn)在，大約有15億各式微芯片被投入使用。 [08:35.70]In the face of that fact who can doubt that the microchip is not only changing the products we use, [08:39.39]面對這一事實，誰都不會懷疑微芯片不僅正改變了我們使用的產(chǎn)品， [08:43.08]but also the way we live. [08:44.45]而且正改變我們的生活方式。 [08:45.82]Will it finally change the way we view reality? [08:47.72]它會最終改變我們的現(xiàn)實生活嗎? [08:49.63]2 If we were to take away the microchip for every application in which it is now used, [08:52.35]如果我們將它從這些方方面面抽掉的話， [08:55.07]we would be both stunned and frightened by the loss. [08:56.92]我們會感到即吃驚又害怕。 [08:58.78]The modern kitchen would become nearly useless, [09:00.36]現(xiàn)代化廚房將變得毫無用處。 [09:01.94]since the microwave, [09:02.66]微波爐， [09:03.38]the dishwasher, [09:04.16]洗碗機， [09:04.93]and most other appliances would become unworkable. [09:07.11]及大多數(shù)其他設備都將無法工作。 [09:09.29]The television and VCR would fade to black, [09:11.11]電視機、錄像機將開不了， [09:12.92]the stereo would become quiet, [09:14.11]收錄機將發(fā)不出聲， [09:15.30]and most of the clocks would stop. [09:16.67]大多數(shù)鐘表將停止工作。 [09:18.04]The car wouldn't start. [09:19.26]汽車將無法發(fā)動， [09:20.48]Airplanes would be unable to leave the ground. [09:22.16]飛機將無法飛行。 [09:23.83]The phone system would go dead, [09:24.97]電話系統(tǒng)將陷入癱瘓， [09:26.10]as would most streetlights, [09:27.23]路燈 [09:28.37]thermostats, [09:29.05]恒溫器 [09:29.74]and,of course, [09:30.69]當然還有 [09:31.64]a half-billion computers. [09:32.92]50萬臺電腦 [09:34.20]And these are only a few of the most obvious applications. [09:36.38]而這些只是一少部分顯而易見的應用。 [09:38.56]Every factory in the industrial world would also shut down, [09:40.68]世界上所有工業(yè)性的工廠都會關門大吉， [09:42.80]as would the electrical grid, [09:44.03]像電網(wǎng) [09:45.25]stock exchanges,and the global banking system. [09:47.48]證券交易所和環(huán)球系統(tǒng) [09:49.72]Pacemakers would stop too, [09:50.99]醫(yī)院里的起博器也會停止轉動， [09:52.27]as would surgical equipment and various monitoring machines used in hospitals. [09:55.04]在醫(yī)院里使用的外科手術設備和各種發(fā)動機， [09:57.82]All because of the loss of a tiny square of silicon the size of a fingernail, [10:00.68]由于沒有了一塊指甲大小的，方型硅片， [10:03.54]Weighing less than a postage stamp. [10:05.27]不足一枚郵票重。 [10:07.00]3 The modern microchip contains as many as 20 million transistors, [10:09.46]一個現(xiàn)代微芯片有20，000，000個晶體管， [10:11.93]and each finished chip is the product of processes more complicated than those used in building the atomic bomb. [10:16.25]而每個芯片成品的制造過程都比建造一個核反應堆還要復雜。 [10:20.57]Yet despite an extraordinarily sophisticated manufacturing process, [10:23.20]雖然制造過程極其復雜。 [10:25.82]microchips are mass-produced at the rate of more than a billion a year. [10:28.51]微芯片的年產(chǎn)量仍然超過了1億塊。 [10:31.19]To put this complexity in perspective, [10:32.74]為了更好地理解芯片的復雜性， [10:34.28]imagine that within each tiny microchip there exists a structure as complex as a mid-size city, [10:38.32]我們可以假設每一小芯片就是一個中等城市， [10:42.35]including all of its power lines,phone lines, [10:43.81]其中電線，電話線， [10:45.26]sewer lines,buildings,streets,and homes. [10:48.07]下水管道，房屋，街道，居民區(qū)一應俱全。 [10:50.88]Now imagine that throughout that same city, [10:52.70]設想一下，在這個城市里， [10:54.52]millions of people are racing around at the speed of light and with perfect timing in an intricately planned dance. [10:58.75]數(shù)以百萬的人們以光速四處奔跑，并以恰當?shù)念l率跳著復雜的舞蹈。 [11:02.98]That is just one chip. [11:04.38]而這僅僅只是一塊芯片。 [11:05.78]4 Of all the stunning statistics used to describe the world of the microchip, [11:08.38]許多讓人驚異的數(shù)據(jù)都被用來描繪微芯片的世界， [11:10.97]none is more extraordinary number, [11:12.70]而以下這組數(shù)據(jù)是最有代表性的： [11:14.42]the total number of transistors packed onto all of the microchips produced in the world this year(1998) [11:19.01]今年(1998年)，全世界被裝入所有微芯片的所有晶體管的數(shù)量， [11:23.60]is equivalent to the number of raindrops that fell in the state of California during that period. [11:26.97]等于這一年降在加利福利亞州雨水的雨滴數(shù)。 [11:30.34]Faced with such astounding numbers, [11:31.79]面對這些數(shù)據(jù)， [11:33.25]it becomes even more difficult to ask what it all means for us and for the generations to come. [11:36.62]微芯片使我們更難提出這樣一個問題：“對我們以及子孫后代來說，微芯片到底意味著什么?” [11:39.98]5 What is remarkable,and perhaps a little frightening,is that by all indications, [11:42.85]神奇的是，也許有點讓人覺得可怕的是，大量事實表明， [11:45.71]we are only halfway through the story of the microchip. [11:47.74]微芯片還在發(fā)展當中。 [11:49.78]It is not far-fetched to suggest that it will take another century of humankind to realize all of the implications of this revolution. [11:54.82]可以毫不牽強地說，這場革命的所有潛能還需要下一世紀一代人的努力才能實現(xiàn)。 [11:59.86]Thus,all the miracles we see around us today resulting from the microchip [12:02.90]因此，如今我們看到的周圍由微芯片 [12:05.94]may be but a tiny fraction of all the wonders that will derive from this device well into the next century. [12:09.85]帶來的奇跡也許只是下世紀微芯片所能帶來的奇跡的一小部分。 [12:13.75]6 It is not merely an invention,but a meta-invention,which enables us to create yet other inventions. [12:17.78]微芯片不僅僅是一項發(fā)明，而更是一項中介發(fā)明，能讓我們創(chuàng)造出其他東西。 [12:21.82]Thousands of new devices and products have been made possible by the existence of the microchip and by the embedded intelligence it offers. [12:27.18]由于有了微芯片提供的智能，我們又發(fā)明了成百上千的新設備和新產(chǎn)品。 [12:32.54]7 Packed in a microprocessor,the microchip is not only giving us power over our own lives, [12:35.77]裝在微處理器里的微芯片不僅使我們擁有了超越自身的力量， [12:38.99]it is also the greatest instrument for accessing information ever invented. [12:41.94]而且也是有史以來最偉大的獲取信息的工具。 [12:44.89]It is allowing us to reach out from our desks, [12:46.62]它使我們能擺脫了書桌的束縛， [12:48.35]to grasp and share knowledge that was beyond the reach of the wealthiest man in the world just a century ago. [12:52.20]去獲取上個世紀連世界上最富有的人也無法獲取的知識， [12:56.05]It is freeing us to work at home,wherever we choose our home to be. [12:58.64]不管我們的家在何處，它都能解放我們，使我們可以在家辦公。 [13:01.24]8 By the middle of the next century, [13:02.46]到下世紀中葉， [13:03.68]the typical microprocessor may have more computing power than today's fastest supercomputers. [13:07.19]一臺典型的微處理器的計算能力也許比現(xiàn)在最快的超型計算機還要強。 [13:10.70]It will talk,and more important,it will listen. [13:12.70]它將會說話。更重要的是，它將能聽人說話， [13:14.70]The relationship we have with it will change in almost unimaginable ways. [13:17.17]人類與微處理器的關系將發(fā)生不可思議的變化。 [13:19.63]Yesterday,the microprocessor was a tool. [13:21.40]昨天，微處理器僅僅是個工具， [13:23.16]Today,it is a partner and who knows what role it will play in our lives in the years to come? [13:26.35]現(xiàn)在，它是我們的伙伴;而誰又知道它將在我們以后的生活中扮演什么樣角色呢? [13:29.53]Just a few years ago who would have thought that in Shanghai,China, [13:32.03]就在幾年前，誰會想到在中國上海， [13:34.54]customers of the New World Department Store could try on clothes without undressing? [13:37.72]新世界百貨公司能幫到試衣不脫衣服呢? [13:40.91]A video camera takes a customer's picture,the image is digitized, [13:43.46]一架攝像機照下顧客的照片。顧客的形像被數(shù)字化。 [13:46.02]and changes of outfits or colors are as simple as point and click. [13:48.79]只需按一下鼠標就可以改變服裝的樣式和顏色。 [13:51.56]In Baltimore,Maryland, [13:52.70]在馬里蘭洲的巴爾的摩 [13:53.83]prospective astronauts simulate weightlessness by floating in water at the University of Maryland's Space Systems Lab pool. [13:58.69]馬里蘭太空系統(tǒng)實驗池里，可能成為宇宙員的人們只需漂浮在水中，就可以體驗到失重的效果。 [14:03.55]Buddhist monks in Thailand also have found important uses for computers. [14:06.59]泰國的和尚們也發(fā)現(xiàn)了電腦的妙處。 [14:09.64]They use them to perform traditional tasks as well as to study the teachings of Buddha. [14:12.82]他們利用電腦來做一些傳統(tǒng)工作和學習教義。 [14:16.01]9 For hundreds of years,humankind has searched for the philosophers' stone, [14:18.60]幾百年來，人類一直在尋找煉金石。 [14:21.19]the magical object that turns ordinary metal into gold. [14:23.57]一種神奇的，能將普通金屬變成金子的東西， [14:25.94]Who would have thought it would turn out to be a little sliver of crystal with eaching on its surface? [14:29.08]可誰又想得到，“煉金石”原來是一小塊表面刻過的小晶薄片呢? [14:32.21]The microchip,in the time of a single generation, [14:34.12]微芯片在短短一代人的時間里， [14:36.02]had developed from a clever technical novelty [14:37.88]已從一種聰明的科技新事物演變 [14:39.73]to a tireless,almost invisible partner of humanity. [14:42.00]成為人類的，不知疲倦的，不見其形的伴侶。 [14:44.27]Today there is no place on,above,or below the Earth that it has not reached. [14:47.90]現(xiàn)在，無論是在地上，天上，還是在地下，微芯片的觸角已無處不在。 [14:51.54]New Words [14:52.44]單詞 [14:53.34]appliance n [14:54.71]器械，裝置 [14:56.08]astounding adj [14:57.26]令人震驚的，使人驚駭?shù)? [14:58.45]banking n [14:59.44]銀行業(yè) [15:00.43]Buddhist adj [15:01.42]佛教的 [15:02.41]compute v [15:03.37](用計算機或計數(shù)器)計算，估算 [15:04.32]crystal n [15:05.22]晶體 [15:06.12]digitize v [15:07.25]數(shù)字化 [15:08.39]dishwasher n [15:09.58]洗碟機 [15:10.76]etching n [15:11.81]蝕刻 [15:12.85]far-fetched adj [15:14.13]夸張的，不可信的 [15:15.41]global adj [15:16.22]全球性的，全世界的 [15:17.03]grid n [15:17.89]輸電網(wǎng) [15:18.76]halfway adj [15:20.03]中途的 [15:21.31]invisible adj [15:22.39]看不見的 [15:23.47]meta- prefix [15:24.43]超越，超出 [15:25.38]microchip n [15:26.57]微芯片 [15:27.76]microprocessor n [15:29.16]微處理機 [15:30.56]microwave n [15:31.70]微波爐 [15:32.83]monk n [15:33.61]修士，僧侶 [15:34.38]outfit n [15:35.19](尤指在特殊場合穿的)全套服裝 [15:36.00]pacemaker n [15:36.95](心臟)起搏器 [15:37.91]postage n [15:39.04]郵費，郵資 [15:40.18]raindrop n [15:41.45]雨點 [15:42.73]sewer n [15:43.63]下水道，污水管 [15:44.53]simulate v [15:45.52]模擬 [15:46.51]sliver n [15:47.50]一小片 [15:48.49]streetlight n [15:49.54]路燈，街燈 [15:50.58]stunning adj [15:51.66]令人驚奇的，令人震驚的 [15:52.74]supercomputer n [15:54.02]巨型計算機，超級計算機 [15:55.30]surgical adj [15:56.38]外科的，外科手術的 [15:57.46]teachings n [15:58.64]學說，主義，教義 [15:59.83]transistor n [16:00.97]晶體管 [16:02.10]undress v [16:03.18]脫去衣服 [16:04.26]unimaginable adj [16:05.39]不可想像的，想不到的 [16:06.53]unworkable adj [16:07.43]不能使用(或操縱、操作、動作)的 [16:08.33]Workplace of the 90's:High-Tech Sweatshop? [16:10.83]90年代的工作場所：高科技血汗工廠? [16:13.33]1 Last month,in my position as a customer service representative for a large telecommunications company, [16:16.97]上個月，在我擔任一家大電信公司的客戶服務代表期間， [16:20.60]I received 862 calls from customers(but I should have taken 900), [16:24.11]我接了862個客戶電話(而我應該接900個電話)。 [16:27.62]my average"talk time"on those calls was 394 seconds(though it should have been only 300 seconds), [16:32.09]接電話時我平均的“講話時間”為394秒(雖然我應該只講300秒)。 [16:36.55]and I was "idle"6.7 percent of the time. [16:38.82]6.7%的時間我無事可干。 [16:41.09]I know this because like millions of workers in a variety professions, [16:43.68]我知道這些數(shù)據(jù)，是因為和其他數(shù)以百萬計以從事種種職業(yè)的工人們一樣， [16:46.27]my actions on the job are continuously tracked by a computerized monitoring system. [16:49.73]我工作時的一舉一動都被一個電腦監(jiān)視器記錄了下來。 [16:53.18]2 Over the last decade,computerized monitoring has become a pervasive, [16:55.09]在過去的十幾年里，電腦監(jiān)視器已經(jīng)廣泛地， [16:57.00]intrusive,and often invisible presence in the workplace. [17:00.55]通常是無形地侵入了工作場所。 [17:04.09]According to the Office of Technology Assessment, [17:05.91]科技評估辦公室的調查顯示， [17:07.73]six million Americanworkers were being monitored daily in the performance of their jobs in 1986, [17:11.67]1986年，六百萬美國工人每天的工作受到監(jiān)視， [17:15.61]and that figure jumped to more than eight million by 1990. [17:18.11]到1990年，剛升至六百萬人。 [17:20.62]A study found monitoring systems in 98 percent of the clerical and customer service divisions of such industries as banking, [17:25.57]另一項調查顯示，98%的監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)安裝在從事辦公室工作和客戶服務業(yè)的工作地點。如銀行業(yè)， [17:30.52]insurance,airline reservations,telemarketing,and telecommunications. [17:33.85]保險業(yè)、飛機預訂、電子營銷業(yè)、電信業(yè)。 [17:37.18]3 Three general categories of information are usually collected by monitoring systems: [17:40.60]監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)主要收集以下三類信息; [17:44.02](1)job performance characteristics,such as the number of keystrokes entered, [17:47.83](1)工作特點：如敲擊鍵盤的次數(shù)。 [17:51.65](2)job behaviors,like the amount of time between calls,and(3)service performance, [17:56.47](2)工作行為：如每次電話之間的間隔。(3)服務行為： [18:01.30]in which an employer actually listens in on employee phone calls. [18:03.56]雇主在雇員的服務行為中偷聽雇員電話。 [18:05.83]4 Managers defend and promote the use of monitoring technology, [18:08.55]經(jīng)理們支持并倡導使用監(jiān)視技術， [18:11.27]claiming that computers provide objective measures of performance and increase productivity. [18:14.87]并認為電腦能提供客觀的衡量工作業(yè)績標準，并能增加產(chǎn)量。 [18:18.47]With regard to performance evaluation, [18:20.05]用數(shù)據(jù)來衡量工作業(yè)績， [18:21.64]the data provided are certainly objective; [18:23.56]當然顯得比較客觀。 [18:25.49]however,quantifiable measures-the length of a call as measured in seconds, [18:28.57]然而數(shù)量化標準——如用秒來衡量電話所用的時間的長短， [18:31.64]the number of calls taken--are not indicative of the quality of performance. [18:35.01]收集打電話的次數(shù)——并不能說明工作質量的高低。 [18:38.38]Further-more, [18:39.24]而且， [18:40.10]research does not support management's contentions of increased productivity from the use of surveillance technology. [18:44.14]研究也表明，管理層關于監(jiān)視技術能增加產(chǎn)量的論點并不成立。 [18:48.17]Studies reported over the last five years have failed to prove that even the most well-managed systems increase productivity. [18:53.21]即使是管理得最好的監(jiān)視，過去五年的研究也無法證明它能提高產(chǎn)量。 [18:58.25]5 Despite this lack of evidence,the use of monitoring systems is increasing rapidly. [19:01.61]雖然證據(jù)不足，但監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)的應用仍然快速遞增。 [19:04.98]The Gartner Group,a data analysis firm, [19:06.71]一家名為加特納的數(shù)據(jù)研究公司， [19:08.44]estimates that sales of computerized spying equipment topped $175 million last year. [19:12.85]估計去年，電腦監(jiān)視設備的營業(yè)額高達175,000,000美元， [19:17.26]That figure is projected over the next five years to soar to more than a quarter of a billion dollars. [19:21.58]而且今后五年將攀升到2,000,000,000美元。 [19:25.90]6 With the increasing popularity of monitoring technology there have, [19:28.40]隨著監(jiān)視技術的日益普及， [19:30.90]unfortunately,come abuses to both workers and customers. [19:33.53]不幸的是，來自工人和顧客的責難聲卻此起彼浮。 [19:36.16]Evidence indicates that computerized monitoring can be detrimental to employees. [19:39.38]事實證明，電腦監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)對雇員是有害的。 [19:42.60]A 1990 study conducted at the University of Wisconsin found significantly higher rates [19:46.25]一項1990年在威斯坎辛做的調查顯示， [19:49.91]of stress-related illness among monitored workers than among those who were not monitored. [19:52.99]受監(jiān)視的工人比不受監(jiān)視的工人更容易得與壓力有關的疾病。 [19:56.06]When surveyed,employees of AT &T,TWA,Bell Canada , [19:59.29]在調查過程中，A&T環(huán)球航空公司，加拿大貝爾公司， [20:02.51]and Federal Express identified computerized monitoring or surveillance as the chief source of stress in the workplace. [20:07.19]聯(lián)邦快速公司的職員們也證實，電腦監(jiān)視器是在工作地點引起壓力的主要來源。 [20:11.87]7 As a person who works in a monitored environment, [20:13.72]我個人就在一個受到監(jiān)視的環(huán)境里工作， [20:15.58]I certainly know the stress of feeling tied to a computer; [20:17.57]因此我當然知道電腦帶來的壓力感。 [20:19.57]seemingly,my every action is observed and recorded by unseen eyes. [20:22.56]我的一舉一動都似乎受到無形眼睛的監(jiān)視。 [20:25.55]It is no wonder that the term "electronic sweatshop"is used to describe such conditions, [20:29.24]難怪，人們用“血汗工廠”來形容， [20:32.93]where information and customers are processed in an assembly line fashion. [20:35.48]這種信息與客戶被以流水線的方式被處理掉的工作條件。 [20:38.04]8 But the stressful working conditions are not the only problem created by monitoring technology, [20:40.99]然而，監(jiān)視技術不僅帶來了充滿壓力的工作環(huán)境， [20:43.94]the customers of the businesses employing such devices can also experience negative effects. [20:47.49]而且也給客戶帶來了負面影響。 [20:51.04]What happens then the needs of customers conflict with the desire of workers to meet productivity standards set by computers? [20:55.63]工人必須達到電腦設置的產(chǎn)量要求，而當這一要求與客戶的需求相抵觸時，又會發(fā)生什么情況呢? [21:00.22]This question was answered in part by a disturbing circumstance at Bell Canada. [21:03.02]在加拿大貝爾公司煩人的環(huán)境里，我們可以找到部分答案。 [21:05.83]A sophisticated monitoring system was installed to record information about everyone from managers to operators. [21:09.86]這里安裝了一種復雜的監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)，可記錄下每個人，包括從經(jīng)理到操作員的一言一行。 [21:13.90]The monitoring system continuously collected information about the operators as they worked; [21:16.88]當操作員工作時，監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)不停地收集信息， [21:19.87]the length of calls, [21:20.74]電話時間的長短， [21:21.60]the number of calls taken,and the number of seconds between calls were tracked. [21:24.16]電話的次數(shù)，每次電話之間相隔的秒數(shù)。 [21:26.71]Operators felt so pressured by the computerized presence of the monitoring system that when they were having trouble finding a number, [21:31.39]操作員們對電視監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)的存在感到壓力如此之大，以致于當他們找不到一個數(shù)據(jù)時， [21:36.07]they began giving incorrect information in order to get the customer off the phone so they could receive the next call. [21:39.89]他們就提供給客戶錯誤的數(shù)據(jù)，好讓客戶們掛斷，以便能接下一個電話。 [21:43.70]Certainly,that is not customer service and it is not productive. [21:47.03]很明顯，這種做法不是在為客戶服務，也沒有增產(chǎn)。 [21:50.36]Bell Canada was forced to change its practices. [21:52.31]貝爾公司后來不得不改變了這一做法。 [21:54.25]9 Federal Express,a company internationally know for excellent service to its customers, [21:57.33]素以優(yōu)質服務而享譽全球的聯(lián)邦快遞公司， [22:00.41]also abandoned individual monitoring of workers in response to service representatives' complaints of stress. [22:04.13]也取消了對工人的監(jiān)視，原因是因為工人抱怨壓力大， [22:07.86]and the deterioration of customer satisfaction rating. [22:09.98]客戶不滿意程度俱增。 [22:12.11]In a personal interview I conducted with Mr Macpherson, [22:13.84]我曾對麥克弗森先生作過私人專訪。 [22:15.56]founder of Incoming Calls Management Institute, [22:17.42]來電管理院的創(chuàng)始人 [22:19.27]he stated that mismanagement of technology in the workplace shifts employee focus from quality to quantity. [22:23.74]他指出，在工作場所錯誤地使用科技，會使職員的注意力集中到數(shù)量上，而不是質量上。 [22:28.20]What emerges is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs, [22:32.43]這就勾畫了這樣一個工作環(huán)境，在該環(huán)境中，如何使用科技監(jiān)視員工的工作。 [22:36.66]rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace. [22:39.34]不再是如何促進對顧客的優(yōu)質服務或提供公正誠實的工作場所。 [22:42.02]10 Evidence does not support a correlation between computerized monitoring and greater productivity; [22:45.10]事實并不能證明電腦監(jiān)視與高產(chǎn)量有什么必然的聯(lián)系; [22:48.18]on the contrary,it is detrimental to workers and impedes quality service. [22:51.37]相反事實卻證明電視監(jiān)視無益于工人，也有礙于服務質量的提高。 [22:54.55]Therefore I contend that national legislation and individual action are required to ensure the ethical use of such technology. [22:59.41]因此，我堅決主張國家立法和個人行為都行動起來，以確保這種科技能在合乎倫理道德的范圍內(nèi)得到運用。 [23:04.27]11 Our role in stemming the tide of monitoring technology is three-fold:As voters, [23:07.55]我們在遏制監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)的斗爭中扮演著三種角色：投票人、 [23:10.82]as employees,and as consumers we must act. [23:12.82]雇員和消費者。 [23:14.82]First,as voters,we must support national legislation regulating monitoring. [23:18.60]首先，作為投票人，我們必須擁護國家有關規(guī)范監(jiān)視行為的立法。 [23:22.38]Secondly,as employees, [23:23.69]第二，作為雇員， [23:25.01]we must ask the questions:What technology is being used in my workplace to record my activities? [23:29.00]我們要提下列問題：在我們的工作場所，有什么科技記錄下我們的活動? [23:33.00]What data is being collected about me and how is it being used? [23:35.38]它收集了有關我的哪些數(shù)據(jù)?這些數(shù)據(jù)有何用處? [23:37.75]Finally,as consumers, [23:39.12]最后，作為消費者， [23:40.49]we must make business accountable for the level of service for which we pay. [23:43.62]我們必須讓商家保證我們出錢應享受的高水平服務。 [23:46.75]12 If we do not purposefully exercise our rights as voters,employees,and consumers, [23:50.08]如果我們不履行我們作為投票人，雇員和消費者的權利， [23:53.41]we will increasingly work under the watchful eyes of surveillance technology. [23:56.00]那么監(jiān)視技術將逐漸地、更深地侵入我們的工作環(huán)境。 [23:58.60]By not acting,we perpetuate a world where an employer may legally eavesdrop on our phone calls to businesses, [24:02.68]如果我們不行動，那么雇主將偷聽我們打給商家的電話，他行為將永遠是合法的。 [24:06.77]clients,and friends. [24:08.05]顧客和朋友 [24:09.32]And when you call your phone company,you may just speak to me; [24:11.65]當你在電話給電話公司時，你可以直接打給我。 [24:13.97]and,of course,my employer may secretly be on that call with us. [24:16.15]當然了，我的老板肯定在偷聽我們的談話。 [24:18.32]While you're expressing your concern,question,or complaint, [24:20.41]當你在談到你的憂慮，問題，或在埋怨時， [24:22.50]and as we approach 300 seconds of conversation, [24:24.44]我們的談話時間快到300秒了。 [24:26.39]I'll be thinking about how to get off the line so the next call can come in-and the next-and the next call. [24:30.24]我就會想怎樣把電話掛掉，以便好接下一個電話——再下一個電話——再下一個。 [24:34.09]Because,frankly, [24:35.23]因為，說實話， [24:36.36]a customer is just one of a thousand"widgets"to be processed at your phone company's electronic sweatshop. [24:40.82]一位顧客只是電話公司電氣化血汗工廠里等待加工的成百上千個小零件中的一個而已。 [24:45.29]New Words [24:46.28]單詞 [24:47.27]accountable adj [24:48.31]負有責任的 [24:49.36]assembly n [24:50.44]裝配 [24:51.52]contention n [24:52.42]論點 [24:53.32]eavesdrop v [24:54.27]偷聽(私人談話) [24:55.22]idle adj [24:56.00]不在工作的，閑散的 [24:56.77]impede v [24:57.82]阻礙，妨礙，阻止 [24:58.86]incoming adj [24:59.81]進來的 [25:00.77]incorrect adj [25:01.76]不正確的，錯誤的 [25:02.75]indicative adj [25:03.83]表示的，暗示的 [25:04.91]install v [25:05.72]安裝，設置 [25:06.53]keystroke n [25:07.57](在打字機或計算機鍵盤上的)一次按擊 [25:08.62]mismanagement n [25:09.70]管理不善，處理不當 [25:10.78]perpetuate v [25:11.64]使永久或持續(xù) [25:12.50]purposefully adv [25:13.64]有目的地，有決定地，果斷地 [25:14.77]quantifiable adj [25:15.85]可用數(shù)量表示的，可量化的 [25:16.93]sweatshop n [25:17.92]血汗工廠(工作條件惡劣而工資低的) [25:18.91]telecommunications n [25:20.19]電信 [25:21.47]telemarketing n [25:22.51]電話銷售，電話推銷 [25:23.56]widget n [25:24.74](某公司的)典型小產(chǎn)品，小玩意兒 [25:25.93]Lost in the E-mail [25:27.19]迷失在電子郵件中 [25:28.45]1 Charles Wang has been to e-mail hell,and retuned to tell the tale. [25:31.89]查爾斯·王剛剛從電子郵件的地獄中繞幸逃生。 [25:35.33]His journey there began innocently enough when, [25:37.94]他在開始其地獄之旅時動機十分單純。 [25:40.55]as chairman of Computer Associates International,a software company, [25:43.79]當時他擔任國際計算機股份有限公司(一軟件公司)的主席。 [25:47.03]he first heard how quickly his employees had embraced their new electronic-mail system. [25:50.92]他首次聽說他的員工掌握該公司新研制的電子郵件系統(tǒng)的速度是如何之快， [25:54.80]They were sending messages to one another like crazy. [25:56.89]他們?nèi)绾蜗癔偭艘粯酉嗷グl(fā)電子郵件。 [25:58.98]"I said,'Wonderful,'"recalls Wang. [26:00.62]“我說，太好了?！蓖趸貞浀馈? [26:02.26]"And I also said,'Let's check into how people are using it.'" [26:04.78]“我還說，咱們看看人們運用電子郵件的情況如何?！? [26:07.30]2 But instead of a pleasant e-mail culture,what had evolved was a behavioral nightmare. [26:11.29]但是他看到的不是令人愉快的電子郵件文化，而是一場行為惡夢。 [26:15.29]"It was a disaster,"he says. [26:16.60]“簡直是場災難?！蓖跽f。 [26:17.92]"My managers were getting 200 to 300 e-mail a day each. [26:20.80]“我的經(jīng)理們每天要收到200到300封電子郵件。 [26:23.68]People were so fond of it they weren't talking to each other. [26:25.82]大家都太喜歡電子郵件，以致于他們相互之間連話都不說了。 [26:27.96]They were hibernating,e-mailing people in the next room. [26:30.26]他們冬眠了。連給隔壁的人也要發(fā)個電子郵件。 [26:32.57]They were abusing it." [26:33.68]他們在濫用電子郵件。” [26:34.80]In just a few years,Wang's high-tech communications system had gone crazy. [26:38.29]短短幾個月間，王的高科技通訊系統(tǒng)就亂了套。 [26:41.78]3 To stop the insanity,Wang short-circuited the system, [26:44.20]為了阻止這種混亂，王將他的系統(tǒng)截斷了。 [26:46.61]taking the astonishing step-considering what his $ 3.9 billion company does for a living [26:50.55]做了一項令人驚異的決定，他那3.9億美圓的公司賴以生存的系統(tǒng) [26:54.49]of banning all e-mails from 9:30 a.m. to 12 noon and from 1;30 p.m. to 4 p.m. [26:58.29]他規(guī)定每早上9:30至12點，下午1:30至4:00，禁止一切電子郵件的發(fā)送。 [27:02.09]These hours are now rigidly observed as a sort of electronic quiet time. [27:05.02]現(xiàn)在這兩段時間已成為該公司硬性規(guī)定的無電子郵件時間。 [27:07.96]Says Wang:"It worked wonderfully. [27:09.99]王說：“這很管用。 [27:12.02]People are walking the corridors again talking to other people." [27:14.27]現(xiàn)在大家又在走廊里走動，相互說話了?！? [27:16.52]4 So much for the e-mail revolution,which is now enslaving all those employees it was supposed to free, [27:20.74]電子郵件革命到此為止，它束縛著所有那些原本它欲解放的雇員， [27:24.95]creating communication problems so new that they cannot be found in the pages of any management textbook. [27:28.55]產(chǎn)生了許多在任何一本管理學教科書中都未曾論及的新的交流問題。 [27:32.15]E-mail has corrupted corporate cultures and created bosses who turn e-mail into a terror weapon to subdue underlings and undermine rivals. [27:38.43]電子郵件已經(jīng)侵蝕了企業(yè)文化。隨著電子郵件的產(chǎn)生，有一種老板也隨之出現(xiàn)了。他們把電子郵件變成一種馴服下級，損害對手的恐怖武器。 [27:44.71]E-mail has wasted years of executive time and gigabytes of computer memory looking for lost keys. [27:49.28]電子郵件浪費了幾年的工作時間和成千兆字節(jié)的計算機內(nèi)存去尋找丟失了的口令。 [27:53.86]5 And the volume of traffic is still exploding. [27:55.71]然而，電子郵件通信量仍火爆得很。 [27:57.56]In 1994,for example,776 billion e-mail messages moved through U.S.based computer networks. [28:03.02]例如，1994年，776億條電子郵件信息通過了美國的計算機網(wǎng)絡。 [28:08.47]As of 1997 that number is expected to more than triple,to 2.6 trillion. [28:12.36]1997年，這一數(shù)字翻了三番，變成了2.6兆條。 [28:16.25]By the year 2000,the number will nearly triple again,to 6.6 trillion. [28:19.79]2000年，又番了一番，變成了6.6兆條。 [28:23.34]Forty percent of the American workforce uses e-mail. [28:26.67]40%的美國工作人員都使用了電子郵件。 [28:30.00]6 So why are people saying such bad things about these computer-borne text messages? [28:33.38]那人們又為什么對這些由電腦傳播的文字信息頗有微詞呢? [28:36.77]Almost everyone agrees that e-mail is a wonderful invention. [28:39.59]幾乎人人都認為電子郵件是一項奇妙的發(fā)明。 [28:42.42]It is a convenient,highly democratic,informal medium for conveying messages that conforms well to human needs. [28:47.71]它方便，民主，隨意，能傳播信息，很好地滿足人類需求。 [28:53.00]E-mail is perhaps the ideal means by which one can run a global project. [28:56.23]也許，電子郵件是人們可以用來管理世界事物的最理想的方式。 [28:59.45]"It is one of the great innovations of the last 20 years," [29:01.86]“它是過去20年中一項偉大的發(fā)明?！? [29:04.27]says Paul Argenti,a professor of management communications at Dartmough's Tuck School. [29:07.93]達特毛斯·塔可學院的電腦管理博士鮑爾·阿及提說。 [29:11.58]But Argenti and others also say it is a medium whose function is confusing, [29:14.60]但他同時也指出，電子郵件是一種功能使人疑惑的媒體， [29:17.63]in part because the process is so easy and informal that people treat it as they do conversation. [29:21.84]部分原因是因為電子郵件的使用是如此簡單隨意，以致于人們在電子郵件中所寫的話就像是在談話一樣。 [29:26.05]And because so much of human conversation is nonverbal,e-mail messages, [29:29.90]由于人類交流的這么大的部分都并非是說出來的，所以電子郵件信息， [29:33.76]especially critical or complex ones,can easily be misinterpreted. [29:37.25]尤其是批評性的和比較復雜的電子郵件，很容易被誤解。 [29:40.74]7 That is especially true if the originator of the message is the "virtual manager". [29:44.23]當發(fā)出電子郵件的是一位“虛經(jīng)理”時，這處情況就變得尤為明顯了。 [29:47.72]The virtual manager generally is a conflict-avoiding character who hides behind e-mail,and uses it as an instrument of aggression,creating not only ill will but inefficiencies as well. [29:57.14]虛經(jīng)理指的是那些躲在電子郵件后面，把電子郵件當成進攻工具的人物。一般說來，這種人物都不愿意當面引起沖突，結果反而會帶來惡意，使效率更加低下。 [30:06.55]" I cannot tell you how many people we've encountered hiding behind e-mail,"says Emory Mulling,a consultant who is often brought in to help virtual managers change their ways. [30:13.03]“我數(shù)不清到底我們遇到過多少個躲在電子郵件后的人?！币晃幻邪瑺枴げ剂值念櫩驼f。他經(jīng)常被請去幫助那些虛經(jīng)理改變他們的方式。 [30:19.51]According to him,there are a lot of managers who do not like conflict, [30:22.54]據(jù)他介紹，有許多不愿當面引起沖突的經(jīng)理， [30:25.56]so they criticize their employees by e-mail,and often do more harm than good. [30:28.69]用電子郵件去批評他們的職員，結果弊大于利。 [30:31.82]In Mulling's opinion,e-mail is perfect for managers who would rather do anything other than walk down the hall. [30:36.56]布林認為，那些不愿與雇員面對面交談的經(jīng)理們來把電子郵件當成了絕好的工具。 [30:41.29]8 Here is the sort of message,written with little thought as to how it will be read, [30:44.42]這里就有一種電子郵件。發(fā)件人在寫信時根本沒考慮到收件人會怎樣理解這封信。 [30:47.56]that illustrates both the one-way nature of e-mail(the recipient can't immediately defend himself) [30:51.41]通過這個例子，我們可以看出電子郵件一方面的性質(收信人無法馬上為自己辯解)， [30:55.26]and the dangers inherent in offering criticism in an electronic message: [30:58.59]也可以看出在電子郵件是批評人會有怎樣的危險。 [31:01.92]you MUST MUST make your report titles more descriptive. [31:04.89]你必須必須使你的報告標題更生動。 [31:07.86]If I can't understand what the report is about,how will our clients? [31:10.52]如果我都看不懂你的報告要寫什么，我們的客戶又怎么怎看得懂呢? [31:13.19]You are evaluated on your ability to communicate clearly as much as you are on any other part of your performances. [31:18.17]對你的評價基于你其他方面的表現(xiàn)，同樣也基于你清楚表達思想的能力。 [31:23.16]9 By the time this message gets through the system,the sender has moved on to his next message. [31:26.54]當這則信息通過系統(tǒng)傳遞時，發(fā)信人已經(jīng)在處理下一則信息了。 [31:29.93]Meanwhile,the recipient stares at his screen as if the office had been struck by lightning. [31:33.64]然而，收信人就像辦公室被雷霹了一樣，正瞪著電腦屏幕呢! [31:37.34]Here's how the recipient reads it:MUST MUST means "you are an idiot"; [31:40.84]收信人是這樣理解的：“必須”“必須”意思是“你是個白癡。” [31:44.33]evaluated,"soon to be fired". [31:46.02]“評價”意思是“你快被炒魷魚了”。 [31:47.71]"The result is that if I send you an offensive e-mail,I feel great,"says Mulling. [31:51.10]“結果往往是：我發(fā)出一個有攻擊性的電子郵件，感覺爽極了?！辈剂终f。 [31:54.48]"I've gotten something off my chest."But now you have to deal with the anger.It's a way of passing on anger." [31:58.13]“我發(fā)泄了心中的怒氣，而你現(xiàn)在則要對付這股怒氣。這是轉移怒氣的好方法?！? [32:01.79]Another consequence is that the recipient,not knowing how to respond,may simply brood about it. [32:05.84]另一個后果就是收件人不知該如何是好，只能對著屏幕上的信息犯嘀咕。 [32:09.89]"I've seen people upset for a week because of one thoughtless e-mail,' [32:12.25]“我就見過有人因為收到一個輕率的電子郵件而難過一個星期的。” [32:14.60]says Monte Gibbs,28,who has worked for IBM for several years. [32:17.48]為IBM工作了好幾年的28歲的蒙特·葛伯說。 [32:20.36]10 In an era in which upper-level managers strive to push decision-making down the chain, [32:23.86]在現(xiàn)在這個時代，上層經(jīng)理總是拼命地讓下屬來做決策， [32:27.35]e-mail has made it easier for middle managers to avoid responsibility by pushing decisions up the ladder. [32:31.61]而電子郵件能幫助中層經(jīng)理們把決策大事重新推回到上級而逃避責任。 [32:35.88]A worker who would shy away from seeking an appointment with the boss to resolve an issue often sends a "What do you think?" [32:39.93]一位避免和上司約定時間商談如何解決問題的員工，通常也會發(fā)一封短信，詢問：“您怎么認為?” [32:43.98]message on the most trivial of matters. [32:45.91]即使在最瑣碎的問題上。 [32:47.83]11 In many cases,there has been strong reaction against e-mail. [32:50.50]很多時候，人們都強烈地反對電子郵件。 [32:53.16]"People became so overloaded they stopped using it," [32:55.25]“人們往往收到的電子郵件太多了，以致于最后都停止使用電子郵件了?！? [32:57.34]says Silicon Valley consultant Anita Rosen about the e-mail system at computer-software-maker Oracle, [33:01.13]曾在電腦軟件公司奧哈克工作的硅谷顧問阿尼塔·羅森在談到該公司的電子郵箱系統(tǒng)時說。 [33:04.93]where she worked for years. [33:06.10]工作好幾年 [33:07.27]"Out of 300 e-mails,80% were ccs. [33:09.52]“在300封電子郵件中，80%是抄送郵件。 [33:11.77]So maybe all you actually need to know are 40 e-mails a day,or an hour's work." [33:15.16]因此，你實際上每天只需要閱讀40封電子郵件，或只需要花一個小時就夠了?！? [33:18.54]At the White House,the e-mail system is so overloaded that many senior staff members refuse to use it. [33:22.43]在白宮，由于電子郵件負荷過重，許多高級工作人員都拒絕使用電子郵件系統(tǒng)。 [33:26.32]12 Sure,there are people like Bill Gates,who love to respond to several hundred of the e-mails sent to him daily. [33:30.42]當然，也有些人，如比爾·蓋茨，喜歡每天給發(fā)給他的幾百封電子郵件回信。 [33:34.52]Monte Gibbs,however,does not appreciate having to deal with e-mails on his system until one in the morning. [33:38.74]可蒙特葛伯不喜歡每天回電子郵件回到凌晨一點。 [33:42.95]"I have been at the company two months and received 6,500 e-mails,"he sighs. [33:46.60]他嘆道：“我到公司二個月，就曾收到過6500封電子郵件?！? [33:50.26]13 There is no doubt that e-mail is abused and overused. [33:52.87]無疑，電子郵件被濫用了。 [33:55.48]There is an urgent need for traffic laws because what was once a wonderfully pleasant and speedy means of communication [34:00.21]現(xiàn)在最急需的就是制定通信法規(guī)，因為曾經(jīng)多么愉悅的，高速的通信手段 [34:04.94]has now turned into an absurdly overcrowded system. [34:07.14]現(xiàn)在卻變得如此擁擠不堪。 [34:09.34]To avoid sending the wrong message,there are four basic rules to obey: [34:12.00]為了避免發(fā)送的信息錯誤，我們必須遵守四條準則： [34:14.66]never discuss bad news,never criticize and never discuss personnel issues over e-mail, [34:19.07]不討論壞消息，不批評，不討論私人問題。 [34:23.48]and if there is anything ambiguous, [34:24.65]如果一句話解決不了， [34:25.82]walk down the hall to discuss it in person or pick up the phone. [34:28.38]那就請到大廳里面對面地討論，或打電話討論吧! [34:30.94]14 "Think before you write,"says Argenti. [34:32.74]“寫電子郵件之前要想好?！卑⒓八f。 [34:34.54]"The most important thing to know is what not to write." [34:36.48]“最重要的是要知道什么不該寫。” [34:38.42]For American companies trying hard to keep pace with the e-mail revolution, [34:41.09]對于努力與電子郵件革命保持同步的美國公司來說， [34:43.75]that advice may be the best message of all. [34:45.84]這條建議也是一條最好的信息。 [34:47.93]Cc it to everyone. [34:49.24]把這條信息抄送給所有人吧! [34:50.56]New Words [34:51.58]單詞 [34:52.61]ambiguous adj [34:53.98]引起歧義的，模棱兩可的 [34:55.34]conform v [34:56.41]一致，符合，相似 [34:57.47]corridor n [34:58.58]走廊 [34:59.70]descriptive adj [35:00.62]描述詳細生動的 [35:01.54]e-mail n & v [35:02.65]電子信函，電子郵件 [35:03.77]enslave v [35:04.94]使……做奴隸，使處于奴役的狀態(tài) [35:06.11]gigabyte n [35:07.28]千兆個字節(jié) [35:08.45]hibernate v [35:09.37]冬眠 [35:10.28]inefficiency n [35:11.51]無效率事例 [35:12.73]inherent adj [35:13.76]內(nèi)存的，固有的 [35:14.78]lightning n [35:15.90]閃電 [35:17.02]misinterpret v [35:18.29]誤解 [35:19.57]nonverbal adj [35:20.85]不使用語言的 [35:22.13]originator n [35:23.30]創(chuàng)始人，發(fā)起人 [35:24.47]overcrowded adj [35:25.64]過度擁擠的 [35:26.81]overload v [35:27.92]使超載，使過載 [35:29.04]overuse v [35:30.16]過多使用，過度使用 [35:31.27]short-circuit v [35:32.50]1)使……不工作 2)使短路 [35:33.72]speedy adj [35:34.78]快的，迅速的 [35:35.84]strive v [35:36.76]努力，奮斗，力爭，力求 [35:37.68]subdue v [35:38.85]制服，使順從 [35:40.02]thoughtless adj [35:40.99]欠考慮的，輕率的 [35:41.96]trillion n [35:43.03]一萬億，兆 [35:44.09]underling n [35:45.11]職位低的人，下屬 [35:46.14]volume n [35:47.42]數(shù)量，總額

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