新編大學(xué)英語閱讀(浙大版)06

[00:00.00]A License to Kill [00:01.17]殺人執(zhí)照 [00:02.34]1 Advocates of assisted suicide and euthanasia find a role model in Holland, [00:05.53]荷蘭是唯一允許協(xié)助自然和安樂死的國家， [00:08.71]the only country that permits both practices. [00:10.85]唯一一個(gè)提倡以上兩種做法的國家 [00:13.00]They say its policy is a "remarkable triumph of common sense." [00:15.88]他們說荷蘭的政策是“常識(shí)的偉大勝利”。 [00:18.76]Yet a closer look reveals the truth about the practice of euthanasia in Holland. [00:22.14]但是，進(jìn)一步的觀察向我們展示了荷蘭安樂死做法的真實(shí)狀況。 [00:25.52]2 The Royal Dutch Medical Association officially endorsed euthanasia in 1984, [00:29.02]荷蘭皇家醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)于1984年正式批準(zhǔn)實(shí)施安樂死， [00:32.51]and issued strict guidelines on how to perform it: [00:34.54]并且公布了施行安樂死的嚴(yán)格準(zhǔn)則： [00:36.58]The patient's condition must be one of unbearable suffering that cannot be relieved, [00:39.60]病人必須忍受著某種無法緩解但又難以忍受的病痛， [00:42.62]and the patient must freely request to die.When a patient does ask,the doctor should not proceed without consulting an independent physician. [00:48.28]而且病人必須主動(dòng)地要求死去。如果病人確實(shí)提出這種要求，病人的醫(yī)生如果不經(jīng)過向一位獨(dú)立行診的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生咨詢，不得實(shí)施安樂死。 [00:53.93]Then each case must be reported as an"unnatural death"to local officials. [00:56.95]然后，每個(gè)安樂死的病例必須以“非正常死亡”上報(bào)當(dāng)?shù)毓賳T。 [00:59.98]Doctors who don't follow the guidelines can be imprisoned for up to 12 years. [01:03.00]不遵守準(zhǔn)則的醫(yī)生可以被判處最長(zhǎng)達(dá)12年的監(jiān)禁。 [01:06.02]3 Approved by parliament, [01:07.05]議會(huì)批準(zhǔn)， [01:08.08]the guidelines were meant to protect and empower terminally ill patients. [01:10.60]這些準(zhǔn)則原本是為了保護(hù)臨終病，使他們有選擇生死的權(quán)力。 [01:13.12]But evidence suggests that they empower doctors instead. [01:15.67]但是有跡象表明，準(zhǔn)則實(shí)際上把權(quán)力給了醫(yī)生。 [01:18.23]4 Though patients are supposed to decide for themselves,they are sometimes influenced by doctors. [01:21.83]盡管本來由病人自由作出決定，但病人們有時(shí)會(huì)受到醫(yī)生的影響。 [01:25.43]If doctors judge someone's quality of life to be low,they ask, [01:27.95]如果醫(yī)生們斷定某位病人的生活質(zhì)量低，他們會(huì)問： [01:30.47]"Why should we add to the suffering?" [01:31.89]“我們?yōu)槭裁催€要再增加病人的痛苦呢?” [01:33.31]5 A survey commissioned by the Dutch government estimated that only 3,600 people died in 1995 as a result of assisted suicide or euthanasia. [01:39.54]由荷蘭政府授權(quán)的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查表明，在1995年只有3600人死于協(xié)助自殺或安樂死。 [01:45.77]But this only included cases where the patient requested death. [01:48.29]但這個(gè)數(shù)字只包括病人本人要求被實(shí)施安樂死的病例。 [01:50.81]The survey did not count as euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide the 900 cases [01:54.61]有900個(gè)都沒有被當(dāng)作安樂死或醫(yī)生協(xié)助自殺而統(tǒng)計(jì)病例病人沒有提要求實(shí)施安樂死。 [01:58.40]in which patients' lives were ended without their request and nearly 1,900 deaths in which doctors increased [02:02.62]以及大約1900起是醫(yī)生顯然出于加速病人死亡的目的而增加了 [02:06.83]pain-killing drugs with the explicit intention of has-tening death. [02:09.49]鎮(zhèn)痛劑用藥量而造成的死亡， [02:12.16]6 A 64-year-old woman,told in 1988 that she had advanced ovarian cancer,wished to die at home. [02:16.73]1988年，一位六十四歲的婦女被告知患有晚期卵巢癌，她希望在家里死去。 [02:21.30]When she awoke one morning covered in what looked like red pinpricks,her husband took her to the hospital. [02:25.24]一天早晨，她醒來，發(fā)現(xiàn)全身長(zhǎng)滿了針孔大小的紅點(diǎn)，所以她的丈夫送她去醫(yī)院。 [02:29.18]Returning to the hospital the next day to take his wife home, [02:31.45]第二天他去醫(yī)院接妻子回家， [02:33.72]he took a short walk while he waited for the doctor to attend to his wife. [02:36.19]在等醫(yī)生檢查他妻子時(shí)，他去散了一會(huì)兒步。 [02:38.65]When the husband returned to his wife's room,she was unresponsive. [02:41.06]當(dāng)這位丈夫回到他妻子的房間時(shí)，她沒有沒有反應(yīng)了。 [02:43.48]Three hours later she died from lethal drugs the doctor had injected into her body. [02:46.91]三個(gè)小時(shí)后，她死了——死于醫(yī)生注入她體內(nèi)的致命藥物。 [02:50.35]7 The husband believes a doctor proposed the injection and his wife was swayed. [02:53.18]這位丈夫以為是醫(yī)生建議他的妻子注射這種藥物，并且他的妻子被說動(dòng)了。 [02:56.00]"She always thought doctors knew best,"the husband said. [02:58.00]“她總是認(rèn)為醫(yī)生建議知道得最多，”他說。 [03:00.00]"It wasn't euthanasia--it was murder." [03:01.80]“這不是安樂死——這是謀殺?！? [03:03.60]But there was no investigation since he did not want the doctor prosecuted. [03:06.26]但是，即使他不希望這個(gè)醫(yī)生被起訴，這件事沒有進(jìn)一步的調(diào)查。 [03:08.93]8 Because euthanasia is politically correct,prosecutors are often unwilling to press charges. [03:12.78]因?yàn)榘矘匪涝谡呱鲜钦_的，所以檢察官往往不愿意提出指控。 [03:16.63]Since 1981 only 20 doctors have faced the courts. [03:19.19]自從1981年以來，只有20名醫(yī)生被送上法庭。 [03:21.74]Nine were convicted. [03:23.02]9人被判有罪， [03:24.30]Of those,six received suspended sentences,and three were given no punishment at all. [03:28.35]其中6人緩期執(zhí)行，而另外3人根本就沒有受到懲罰。 [03:32.40]9 Doctors who have studied euthanasia in the Netherlands note that"what was intended as a [03:35.17]研究過荷蘭安樂死實(shí)施狀況的醫(yī)生們注意到，原本用來 [03:37.94]solution for exceptional cases has become a routine way of dealing with terminal cases. [03:41.49]處理特殊病例的方法已經(jīng)成了處理不治之癥的常規(guī)方法。 [03:45.04]The Netherlands has moved from euthanasia for the terminally ill to euthanasia for the chronically ill, [03:48.83]荷蘭安樂死的實(shí)施對(duì)象已從患不治之癥的晚期病人擴(kuò)展到得慢性病的病人， [03:52.63]from euthanasia for physical illness to euthanasia for psychological distress, [03:55.91]從生理疾病擴(kuò)展到心理抑郁癥， [03:59.18]and from voluntary to involuntary euthanasia;" [04:01.60]從自愿擴(kuò)展到非自愿?！? [04:04.01]10 Already,Holland's euthanasia guidelines offer scant protection to the mentally ill and newborn babies. [04:08.11]荷蘭的安樂死施行準(zhǔn)則已經(jīng)不能為精神病患者和新生嬰兒提供足夠的保護(hù)。 [04:12.22]Researchers from the University of Utrecht found that more than 40 percent of all mentally handicapped patients [04:16.16]烏德勒友大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，精神病超過40%的病人， [04:20.10]who died in 1995 did so after a doctor's decision to withdraw treatment, [04:23.48]在1995年在遵照醫(yī)囑停止接受治療， [04:26.87]increase pain-killing drugs or give lethal injections. [04:29.28]增加止痛藥劑量或被注射致命藥物后死去的。 [04:31.69]In that same year,doctors were charged with killing two handicapped newborns. [04:34.52]同年，有醫(yī)生被指控殺死兩名殘疾的新生嬰兒。 [04:37.34]The courts ruled that the doctors had no option but to kill. [04:39.49]法庭裁決醫(yī)生是不得已而為之，他別無選擇。 [04:41.63]The survey commissioned by the Dutch government reports that doctors now kill about 15 nonviable newborns a year. [04:46.36]荷蘭政府授權(quán)進(jìn)行的那項(xiàng)調(diào)查表明，目前醫(yī)生每年大約要處死15個(gè)不能存活的新生兒。 [04:51.10]11 In some cases,a patient's "right to die"has subtly become a "duty to die". [04:54.64]在某些情況下，病人的“有權(quán)去死”已經(jīng)微妙地變成了“有義務(wù)去死。” [04:58.19]Some people are pressured toward euthanasia by exhausted and impatient relatives. [05:01.57]有些病人迫于親屬們精疲力盡、失去耐心的壓力，選擇安樂死。 [05:04.96]A story is told of a woman whose relatives gathered in Amsterdam for her planned euthanasia. [05:08.50]有這么一個(gè)故事，有一位婦女打算接受安樂死，因此她的親戚們都來到了阿姆斯特丹。 [05:12.05]One relative came from overseas. [05:13.69]其中還有一位從國外趕來。 [05:15.32]When the patient had last-minute doubts,the family said,"You can't have her come all this way for nothing." [05:19.07]當(dāng)病人在最后一刻猶豫不決時(shí)，她的家里人說，“你可不能讓她那么大老遠(yuǎn)的白跑來一趟啊?！? [05:22.81]Instead of ensuring that the patient's true wishes were observed,the doctor carried out the euthanasia. [05:26.70]于是醫(yī)生沒有尊重病人的真實(shí)愿望，就對(duì)她實(shí)施了安樂死。 [05:30.59]12 the key alternative to euthanasia--palliative care--is largely unavailable in Holland. [05:34.75]安樂死的一個(gè)主要替代方案——姑息療法——在荷蘭進(jìn)展得遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。 [05:38.90]Originated in England 30 years ago, [05:40.70]30年前在英國出現(xiàn) [05:42.50]this philosophy of total care for the terminally ill and their families offers spiritual comfort and the control of [05:46.45]這樣做的目的是使病人及其家屬們精神上得到安慰、身體上的痛苦得到控制。 [05:50.39]physical and mental pain without seeking to either hasten or postpone death. [05:53.36]而同時(shí)不加速或延緩病人的死亡。 [05:56.33]Today almost all communities in the United Kingdom and many in Europe and North America provide such care, [06:00.49]目前，英國幾乎所有的社區(qū)、歐洲和拉美的很多社區(qū)都提供這種護(hù)理。 [06:04.64]often in facilities known as hospices. [06:06.50]這種護(hù)理一般都在晚期病人護(hù)理所中進(jìn)行。 [06:08.35]13 Dr.Robert Twycross,a leading British authority on palliative care, [06:11.29]英國姑息療法的主要權(quán)威羅伯特·特瓦克勞斯醫(yī)生， [06:14.22]recalls a cancer patient who drank excessively to escape the pain and mental distress caused by his illness and finally demanded to be put to death. [06:19.62]回憶說，有一位病人曾用酗酒來逃避疾病引起的疼痛和精神抑郁，最后他請(qǐng)求安樂死。 [06:25.02]After pain treatment,the patient changed his mind,saying,"It wasn't me speaking.It was the alcohol." [06:29.02]在進(jìn)行疼痛治療后，這位病人改變了主意。他說：“以前不是我在說話，是酒精在說話?！? [06:33.01]14 "Depression often overlaps and complicates terminal illness, [06:35.26]“患晚期不治之癥的病人通常伴隨著精神抑郁，并且精神抑郁使病人病情復(fù)雜化，” [06:37.51]Twycross says. [06:38.43]特瓦克勞斯說。 [06:39.35]"As the patient comes out of depression, [06:40.63]“當(dāng)病人擺脫了抑郁情緒之后， [06:41.90]the demand for euthanasia evaporates." [06:43.94]要求安樂死的想法就煙消云散了?！? [06:45.97]15 A 65-year-old widow learned in October 1996 that neither surgery nor chemotherapy was likely to cure her cancer of the throat and stomach. [06:51.57]1996年10月，一位65歲的寡婦得知無論是手術(shù)還是化療都不大可能治愈她的喉癌和胃癌。 [06:57.17]But the two options available-a hospital or a nursing home--did not appeal to her, [07:00.66]而她所面臨的兩種選擇——去醫(yī)院或去小型療養(yǎng)院——她都不喜歡。 [07:04.15]because she feared that her wishes would not be respected in either place. [07:06.56]因?yàn)樗龘?dān)心在這兩個(gè)地方她自己的意愿得不到尊重。 [07:08.98]"I'm not afraid of death,"she said, [07:10.45]“我不怕死，”她說， [07:11.93]"but I don't want someone else to decide how I should die." [07:13.96]“可我不愿意由他人來決定我該怎么死?！? [07:16.00]She seriously considered euthanasia. [07:17.74]她認(rèn)真地考慮了安樂死。 [07:19.49]16 Like most Dutch people,she knew little about options in palliative care.' [07:22.42]與大多數(shù)荷蘭人一樣，她對(duì)姑息療法知之甚少。 [07:25.36]Then an acquaintance told her about a hospice in a nearby city. [07:27.71]后來有一位熟人告訴了她在附近的一個(gè)城市里的一所晚期病人護(hù)理所的情況。 [07:30.07]17 Five weeks later,she was sitting in the sun lounge of the hospice. [07:32.16]五個(gè)星期之后，她正坐在護(hù)理所的日光室里。 [07:34.25]"When I came here,I could hardly walk or talk,and I hadn't eaten for a month, [07:36.61]“當(dāng)初我剛來這時(shí)，我?guī)缀醪荒茏呗坊蛘f話，并且有一個(gè)月沒有吃東西了，” [07:38.96]"she recalled." [07:39.77]她回憶說。 [07:40.58]After ten days,I chat,Walk and feel relaxed. [07:42.89]“十天后，我能聊天，散步，并且還感到輕松了。 [07:45.19]I know I'm not leaving here alive,but I feel like a human being." [07:47.75]我知道我不能活著離開這里，可我覺得自己活得像個(gè)人?！? [07:50.30]18 She died peacefully a few weeks later. [07:51.83]幾個(gè)星期之后，她平靜地去世了。 [07:53.36]She had been cared for by a doctor with a special sense of mission --Ben Zylicz. [07:56.50]她得到本·塞力克斯醫(yī)生的照料，他是一位懷有特殊使命感的醫(yī)生。 [07:59.63]19 Five years before,soon after his patient was euthanized by another doctor, [08:02.51]五年前，就在塞力克斯醫(yī)生的一名病人被另一位醫(yī)生施以安樂死死后不久， [08:05.39]Zylicz quit his hospital post to dedicate himself to an alternative. [08:07.87]他辭去了醫(yī)院的職務(wù)，投身于姑息療法。 [08:10.36]"As a doctor,I saw lives taken for reasons that had little to do with healing,"he says, [08:13.85]他說：“作為一名醫(yī)生，我親眼目睹病人死于與治療不相關(guān)的緣由，” [08:17.34]"Now I am able to help patients in a humane and caring way. [08:20.31]“現(xiàn)在，我可以用一種人道和關(guān)懷的方式來幫助病人?！? [08:23.28]20 "I hope that others--both doctors and patients-will have that chance." [08:26.36]“我希望別人——無論是醫(yī)生還是病人——都有那樣的機(jī)會(huì)?！? [08:29.44]New Words [08:30.46]單詞 [08:31.49]advocate n & v [08:32.96]1)擁護(hù)者，提倡者 2)擁護(hù)，提倡 [08:34.44]caring adj [08:35.47]關(guān)懷的 [08:36.49]chemotherapy n [08:38.02]化學(xué)療法 [08:39.55]complicate v [08:40.61]1)使……變得更糟，使……更加惡化 2)使……變得錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，使……難弄 [08:41.68]dedicate v [08:42.95]獻(xiàn)身，致力于，把(時(shí)間、精力等)用于 [08:44.23]euthanasia n [08:45.71]無痛苦致死術(shù)，安樂死 [08:47.18]euthanize v [08:48.46]使安樂死 [08:49.74]evaporate v [08:50.86]1)消失，逐漸消散 2)(使液體或固體)蒸發(fā)，揮發(fā) [08:51.97]freely adv [08:53.14]自愿地 [08:54.31]handicapped adj [08:55.59]殘疾的，有智力缺陷的 [08:56.87]hospice n [08:57.98](晚期病人)護(hù)理所 [08:59.10]humane adj [09:00.41]人道的，富有同情心的 [09:01.73]imprison v [09:03.01]監(jiān)禁，關(guān)押 [09:04.28]inject v [09:05.40]注射 [09:06.52]investigation n [09:07.88]調(diào)查，調(diào)查研究 [09:09.25]involuntary adj [09:10.57]1)不是出于自愿的 2)無意識(shí)的，不自覺的 [09:11.88]license n [09:13.30]1)理由，借口 2)許可證，執(zhí)照 [09:14.72]nonviable adj [09:16.00]不能生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的 [09:17.28]ovarian adj [09:18.45]卵巢的 [09:19.62]overlap v [09:20.99]與……部分重疊 [09:22.36]overseas adv & adj [09:23.78]1)(在、向或來自)海外，(在、向或來自)國外 2)來自海外的，在海外的 [09:25.20]palliative adj [09:26.62]減輕的，緩和的，治標(biāo)的 [09:28.04]parliament n [09:29.52]國會(huì)，議會(huì) [09:31.00]pinprick n [09:32.17]小孔，針刺的孔 [09:33.34]prosecutor n [09:34.61]檢察官，公訴人 [09:35.89]scant adj [09:36.95]不足的，欠缺的 [09:38.02]suspended adj [09:39.13]被暫時(shí)擱置的 [09:40.25]sway v [09:41.47]1)使動(dòng)搖，影響 2)(使……)搖擺 [09:42.70]terminally adv [09:43.92]晚期地，致命地 [09:45.14]unavailable adj [09:46.42]不可獲得的 [09:47.70]unresponsive adj [09:48.73]沒有反應(yīng)的 [09:49.75]Required Course:Bedside Manner 101 [09:52.06]必修課101：病床前的態(tài)度 [09:54.36]1 Connie Cronin is the kind of nurse who loves to work the overnight shift on Christmas Eve to usher in the holiday with her patients. [09:58.75]康妮·克羅寧是一位護(hù)士，她喜歡在圣誕前夜值夜班，和她的病人一起迎接節(jié)日的到來。 [10:03.14]That's why she was so troubled one morning when she realized on her way home from work [10:06.02]這天早上，在她下班回家的路上她覺得很愧疚; [10:08.90]that she had all but ignored a patient ravaged with infections and confined to isolation. [10:12.22]因?yàn)樗庾R(shí)到她幾乎忽視了一位因發(fā)炎而病得很重而被隔離治療的病人。 [10:15.53]Cronin was the only person the patient would see all night, [10:17.33]克羅寧是那天這位病人整個(gè)晚上唯一能見到的人。 [10:19.13]but because she was also the only nurse on duty,she avoided his gaze in her rush to finish her tasks. [10:22.78]但是，因?yàn)樗彩钱?dāng)晚唯一值班的護(hù)士，她在匆忙完成工作的時(shí)候避免著看到他的目光。 [10:26.44]The next evening she headed straight to his room only to learn that he had died. [10:29.23]第二天晚上，她直奔到他的房間，但是發(fā)現(xiàn)他已經(jīng)死了。 [10:32.02]"I abandoned that man during his last hours on Earth,"she says. [10:34.39]“在他生命的最后幾個(gè)小時(shí)，我沒有給予他需要的關(guān)懷?！彼f。 [10:36.77]2 Virtually every health worker has a story of regret over care not given to a needy patient. [10:40.28]事實(shí)上，每個(gè)醫(yī)療工作者都有沒有給予病人所渴望的關(guān)懷的遺憾。 [10:43.79]Such events were once the exception, [10:45.08]醫(yī)療工作者們認(rèn)為，以前，這樣的事件只是偶發(fā)事件， [10:46.38]but today,caregivers say,they are becoming the rule. [10:48.76]而如今已成為司空見慣的事情。 [10:51.13]One CEO of a large health and hospital system in Dallas,Texas, [10:53.80]德克薩斯州達(dá)勒斯的一位在健康和醫(yī)院系統(tǒng)的負(fù)責(zé)人說， [10:56.46]believes that doctors get pressure from all sides to reduce costs and it takes their focus off the patient. [11:00.17]由于來自各個(gè)方面的壓力，醫(yī)生們不得不減少費(fèi)用，這就使他們的注意力不再集中到病人身上。 [11:03.88]His opinion was echoed by other doctors,nurses and administrators, [11:06.63]他的觀點(diǎn)受到與會(huì)的醫(yī)生、護(hù)士及行政管理人員的一致贊同。 [11:09.38]who attended the first national conference on"relationship-centered"care in December 1998. [11:13.20]1998年12月，全美第一次“加強(qiáng)醫(yī)護(hù)人員對(duì)病人的關(guān)懷”會(huì)議召開。 [11:17.02]18 As the conference title suggests, [11:18.31]正如這個(gè)會(huì)議名稱所提示的， [11:19.61]most health professionals agree on the need for doctors and nurses alike to practice better [11:22.79]大多數(shù)的醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)專業(yè)人員們同意：醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)該對(duì)病人施予更多的關(guān)愛。 [11:25.98]bedside manners during increasingly short sessions with patients. [11:28.55]在醫(yī)生、護(hù)士接觸病人的時(shí)間日趨縮短的情況下。 [11:31.13]Studies show that the more comfortable patients feel with a caregiver, [11:33.50]研究表明病人人對(duì)他們受到的治療和護(hù)理越滿意， [11:35.88]the more likely they are to reveal key medical facts and to follow medical instructions. [11:39.30]則越有可能說出關(guān)鍵的病痛和更好的遵醫(yī)囑行事。 [11:42.72]Yet,6 out of 10 doctors surveyed said that medical school had poorly prepared them to talk with patients. [11:46.66]但是，調(diào)查表明60%的醫(yī)生認(rèn)為醫(yī)學(xué)院的學(xué)習(xí)并沒有使當(dāng)初作為學(xué)生的他們學(xué)會(huì)怎么與病人交談。 [11:50.60]Also 7 out of 10 doctors surveyed said that insufficient time with patients was a serious problem. [11:54.58]同時(shí)，70%的醫(yī)生認(rèn)為，與病人的相處時(shí)間不夠長(zhǎng)，也是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題。 [11:58.56]4 Still,health care workers can take a number of steps to improve their talks with patients, [12:01.46]但是，醫(yī)療工作者仍然可以按以下步驟來提高他們與病人的談話的質(zhì)量。 [12:04.36]according to Aaron Lazare,Dean of the University of Massachusetts Medical School. [12:07.25]馬薩諸塞大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的系主任艾倫.拉扎爾認(rèn)為， [12:10.15]For example,after asking,"What brings you here today?" [12:12.46]比如，在提出問題，“什么不適讓您到醫(yī)院來?”之后， [12:14.76]a doctor should try not to interrupt the patient's reply. [12:16.83]醫(yī)生應(yīng)該傾聽著而不要去打斷病人的回答。 [12:18.90]A recent study showed that a doctor usually breaks in after just 18 seconds, [12:21.80]最近的一項(xiàng)研究表明，醫(yī)生通常在提出問題18秒后就會(huì)插話， [12:24.70]but a patient who is allowed to speak freely will finish in two and a half minutes. [12:27.63]而病人如果被允許自由說話的話，需要用2分30秒才能回答完這個(gè)問題。 [12:30.56]A second key question,the Dean says,is,"What were you hoping I could do for you?" [12:33.75]系主任說第二個(gè)主要問題是“你希望我能為你做什么?” [12:36.94]Doctors and nurses are often amazed by the answer. [12:38.92]而醫(yī)生和護(hù)士的經(jīng)常對(duì)病人的回答而困惑不已。 [12:40.90]Patients want to be told that they don't have cancer. [12:42.70]病人們希望被告知他們沒有得癌癥。 [12:44.50]Other times they say,"Tell my wife not to leave me"or"Tell my boss I can't work." [12:47.92]有時(shí)候，他們會(huì)說“告訴我妻子別離開我”或“別告訴老板我不能工作了?！? [12:51.34]5 A doctor's biggest mistake,researchers say, [12:53.05]研究者們認(rèn)為，一個(gè)醫(yī)生的最大錯(cuò)誤是： [12:54.76]is intimidating patients into silence by tapping a pencil impatiently or keeping one hand on the exam room door handle. [12:59.42]不耐煩地敲著筆或把一只手搭在檢查室的門把上，嚇得病人不敢說下去。 [13:04.08]Dean Lazare says, [13:05.27]拉扎爾主任說： [13:06.46]"No visit should end without a doctor asking,'Is there anything else you'd like to tell me?' [13:09.59]“每一次問診都應(yīng)該以醫(yī)生說‘您還有什么別的不適要告訴我嗎’而結(jié)束?！? [13:12.72]"For their part,patients must speak up. [13:14.57]就病人這一方面而言，他們必須毫無保留地說出自己想說的。 [13:16.43]Many people suffer from what medical professionals call the "good-patient syndrome", [13:19.15]許多病人患有醫(yī)療工作者們所稱作的“好病人綜合癥”， [13:21.86]a reluctance to take up a nurse's time or a fear that a complaint isn't worth mentioning. [13:25.10]即不愿意占用護(hù)士的時(shí)間或認(rèn)為某種不適不值得提及。 [13:28.34]One thing that frustrates doctors is that a number of patients wait until they are halfway out the door to bring up their most urgent concern. [13:32.90]還有一位讓醫(yī)生頗感沮喪的事情：許多病人一直等到他們一只腳已踏到診療室的門外，才說出最令他們擔(dān)心的事情。 [13:37.45]6 To prevent these problems, [13:38.32]為了預(yù)防這些問題， [13:39.18]Dean Lazare and others are helping medical and nursing schools create a list of communication"competencies", [13:42.91]拉扎爾主任和其他人員正幫醫(yī)學(xué)院和護(hù)士學(xué)校制定一系列的交流“秘訣”， [13:46.63]such as helping a patient discuss worries and delivering bad news gently. [13:49.48]比如說怎么幫助病人說出他們的擔(dān)心以及委婉地向他們傳達(dá)不好的消息。 [13:52.32]A few schools now require future health professionals to take a course each year to practice with actors simulating difficult cases. [13:57.25]現(xiàn)在，有一些學(xué)校要求未來的醫(yī)療工作者們每年必修一門課，即由演員扮演成病人，接受學(xué)生們的問診。 [14:02.18]Students are videotaped so that they can see themselves backing away from a prostitute, [14:04.94]學(xué)生們的表現(xiàn)被制成錄像帶，這樣他們就能看到自己厭惡地躲開一個(gè)妓女(病人)， [14:07.69]sighing as an elderly man talks on and on,or glaring angrily when challenged. [14:11.15]或是當(dāng)一個(gè)老人不停地訴說時(shí)自己在嘆氣，又或是當(dāng)受到質(zhì)疑時(shí)怒氣沖沖地瞪著病人。 [14:14.60]Soon students may conduct mock physicals and be graded on bedside manner as part of medical licensing exams. [14:18.65]很快地，學(xué)生進(jìn)行模擬體驗(yàn)和他們的表現(xiàn)將成為醫(yī)生從業(yè)資格考試的一部分。 [14:22.70]7 No matter what formal training is offered, [14:24.16]不管接受了什么樣的正式培訓(xùn)， [14:25.62]nurses and doctors will always find their own ways of meeting a patient's needs. [14:28.19]醫(yī)生們和護(hù)士們總是能找到他們自己的滿足病人需要的方法。 [14:30.77]Connie Cronin set up a network of nurses who were willing to cover for one another when the need arose. [14:34.19]康妮·克羅寧把那些愿意在工作中互相幫助的護(hù)士組織起來。 [14:37.61]Thanks to that system, [14:38.58]由于有了這個(gè)組織， [14:39.55]she was able to spend 45 minutes with a dying cancer patient while the woman waited for her husband in the middle of the night. [14:43.55]當(dāng)康妮·克羅寧半夜等她丈夫來接她的時(shí)候，能夠照顧一位生命垂危的癌癥病人45分鐘。 [14:47.54]He didn't arrive in time,but the patient had Cronin there to hold her hand through her final breath. [14:50.87]那天，她丈夫沒能按時(shí)來接她，但是病人有機(jī)會(huì)由康妮在床前陪她渡過了生命的最后一刻。 [14:54.20]8 Dr.Bernie Siegel,a surgeon at Yale Medical School, [14:56.51]伯尼·西格爾醫(yī)生，是耶魯醫(yī)學(xué)院的外科醫(yī)生。 [14:58.81]has developed his own way for relating to his patients more effectively. [15:01.12]他摸索出自己的一套方法，即通過病人的行為更有效地了解病人。 [15:03.42]He recently wrote a book called Love,Medicine,and Miracles, [15:06.08]最近，他寫了一本書《愛、藥和奇跡》， [15:08.75]which tells of his life and experience in healing. [15:10.60]講述自己的生活和治療病人的經(jīng)歷。 [15:12.46]In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale, [15:14.31]在二十世紀(jì)七十年代，他是耶魯大學(xué)的一名外科醫(yī)生， [15:16.16]had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children,but he was terribly unhappy. [15:19.24]有一位很好的妻子以及五個(gè)漂亮的孩子，但是他那時(shí)過得非常不快活。 [15:22.32]Like most doctors of his generation, [15:23.74]與同一時(shí)代的大多數(shù)醫(yī)生一樣， [15:25.16]he had been trained to keep an emotional distance from sick people and their families. [15:27.92]他所受的教育讓他從感情上遠(yuǎn)離病人和病人的家庭。 [15:30.67]He treated people's diseases and kept himself apart from their lives, [15:33.30]他為病人治病，但是使自己遠(yuǎn)離他們的生活。 [15:35.93]but he was miserable behind the wall he had built between his patients and himself. [15:38.77]他和他的病人們之間有一堵墻，在這堵墻后，他很可憐。 [15:41.62]He considered leaving medicine. [15:43.18]他考慮著不當(dāng)醫(yī)生了。 [15:44.75]9 Then he decided that before he quit he would try a different way of doctoring. [15:47.59]于是他決定，在他辭職之前，要換一種方式當(dāng)醫(yī)生。 [15:50.44]He would allow himself to care about the patients he was treating. [15:52.51]他要讓自己去關(guān)心他所治療的病人。 [15:54.58]Once he did this, [15:55.55]一旦他這樣做了之后， [15:56.52]he began to see that it was very strange to think of medicine as a profession where doctors stand apart from their patients. [16:00.39]就開始明白，如果把行醫(yī)看作是一種需要醫(yī)生與他們的病人遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的保持距離的職業(yè)，那是非?？尚Φ?。 [16:04.26]He knew that that he had to deal with cancer but that cancers were growing inside of people. [16:07.39]他清楚他必須進(jìn)行治療針對(duì)癌癥，但是癌癥又是長(zhǎng)在病人體內(nèi)的。 [16:10.52]So he shaved his head, [16:11.77]因此，他把頭剃光， [16:13.01]moved his desk against the wall,sat down by his patients, [16:15.17]將桌子靠墻放，在病人身旁坐下， [16:17.33]and asked them to call him by his first name,Bernie. [16:19.40]讓他們直呼自己的名字：伯尼。 [16:21.47]10 As Bernie,he now talks with his patients and tries to help them with their fears. [16:24.46]作為伯尼，他現(xiàn)在和病人聊天并且?guī)椭麄兛朔謶中睦怼? [16:27.44]One thing he tells everyone is that it is important to show appreciation to others. [16:30.16]他告訴每個(gè)人這一點(diǎn)：向別人表示你很感激他是重要的。 [16:32.88]He often tells people to give a reminder of their love to their family that day-a note, [16:36.10]他經(jīng)常告訴人們?cè)谀且惶煜蚣胰吮磉_(dá)他們的愛——可以是用一張便條、 [16:39.32]flowers,a card,a hug, [16:40.93]一束花、一張卡片、一個(gè)擁抱， [16:42.53]or just say it out loud because everyone in the family needs reminders. [16:45.08]或僅僅是把它說出來，因?yàn)榧依锏拿總€(gè)人都需要這種愛的表示。 [16:47.64]He recommends that his patient say"I love you"to someone that day, [16:49.98]他建議在那一天他的病人向某人說“我愛你”， [16:52.32]starting with the one to whom it is the hardest to say, [16:54.21]并且最先向他最難以啟齒的人說， [16:56.10]and who often needs it the most. [16:57.43]而這個(gè)人常常是最需要這句話的人。 [16:58.76]He strongly believes that this "prescription"works well and has no side effects. [17:01.70]他堅(jiān)信這個(gè)“處方”效果很好而且沒有副作用。 [17:04.63]It is helpful to the person who is ill as well as to those people who are not. [17:07.44]它對(duì)病人和身體健康的人同樣有幫助。 [17:10.25]Bernie is convinced that if people are to heal physically they must also heal emotionally. [17:13.58]伯尼認(rèn)為醫(yī)生不僅要治愈病人身體上的不適，還得解開病人思想上的疙瘩。 [17:16.91]When his cancer patients are undergoing unpleasant treatments such as chemotherapy, [17:19.72]當(dāng)他的患癌癥的病人正在接受像化療這樣令人不快的治療時(shí)， [17:22.52]expressions of love help both them and those who are close to them. [17:24.92]這些對(duì)愛的表達(dá)不僅幫助了這些病人，而且?guī)椭瞬∪酥車娜藗儭? [17:27.31]His patients believe him because he takes the time to show his love and concern to them. [17:30.21]他的病人們很相信他，因?yàn)樗藭r(shí)間去表明他對(duì)病人的愛和關(guān)心。 [17:33.11]Not all doctors can become Bernie Siegel, [17:34.85]不是所有的醫(yī)生都能成為伯尼·西格爾， [17:36.60]but all can learn to become more caring. [17:38.45]但是所有的醫(yī)生都能學(xué)得變得更加有愛心。 [17:40.31]New Words [17:40.90]單詞 [17:41.50]bedside n [17:42.77]床邊 [17:44.05]caregiver n [17:44.97]照顧者 [17:45.89]CEO n [17:46.86]總經(jīng)理 [17:47.83]doctoring n [17:48.89]醫(yī)治，治療 [17:49.96]mock adj [17:50.60]非真實(shí)的，模擬的 [17:51.25]prostitute n [17:51.94]娼妓，妓女 [17:52.62]ravage v [17:53.59]毀壞，使遭蹂躪 [17:54.56]Human Cloning,Don't Just Say No! [17:56.69]對(duì)克隆人類，不只是說“不” [17:58.81]1 That scientists have cloned a sheep sends academics and the public into a panic at the prospect that humans might be next. [18:04.57]科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)克隆了一只羊，這使專業(yè)學(xué)者和大眾陷入恐慌：他們擔(dān)心下一個(gè)被克隆的將是人類。 [18:10.33]That's an understandable reaction. [18:11.66]這是一種可以理解的反應(yīng)。 [18:13.00]Cloning is a radical challenge to the most fundamental laws of biology, [18:16.27]克隆是對(duì)最根本的生物學(xué)法則的挑戰(zhàn)， [18:19.55]so it's not unreasonable to be concerned that it might threaten human society and dignity. [18:23.45]因此擔(dān)心它會(huì)威脅人類社會(huì)和人類的尊嚴(yán)，是合情合理的。 [18:27.36]Yet much of the ethical opposition seems also to grow out of an unthinking disgust. [18:31.36]但是，很多人認(rèn)為克隆不道德并且反對(duì)它，不是深思熟慮之后的結(jié)論，而只是因?yàn)樗麄儚谋灸苌嫌憛捤? [18:35.35]And that makes it hard for even trained scientists and ethicists to see the matter clearly. [18:39.40]甚至很多受過訓(xùn)練的科學(xué)家和道德家們也因此而不能很好地看待克隆這一現(xiàn)象。 [18:43.45]While human cloning might not offer great benefits to humanity, [18:46.30]即使克隆人類可能不會(huì)帶給人類巨大的好處， [18:49.14]no one has yet made a persuasive case that it would do any real harm,either. [18:52.65]但是沒有人能提供有說服力的例子證明它有任何壞處。 [18:56.16]2 Theologians contend that to clone a human would violate human dignity. [18:59.38]神學(xué)家們認(rèn)為克隆人類將有損人類的尊嚴(yán)。 [19:02.60]That would surely be true if a cloned individual were treated as a lesser being, [19:05.83]如果說被克隆的人被當(dāng)作次等人對(duì)待， [19:09.05]with fewer rights or lower stature. [19:10.70]或擁有較少的權(quán)力和低等的社會(huì)地位，那么確實(shí)有損人的尊嚴(yán)。 [19:12.36]But why suppose that cloned persons wouldn't share the same rights and dignity as the rest of us? [19:16.59]但是為什么要假設(shè)被克隆的人類不能和我們分享權(quán)力和尊嚴(yán)呢? [19:20.82]A leading ethicist has suggested that cloning would violate the "right to genetic identity". [19:24.64]一位權(quán)威的倫理學(xué)家認(rèn)為克隆將破壞“擁有基因身份的權(quán)利?！? [19:28.45]Where did he come up with such a right? [19:29.91]他是從哪里想到的這個(gè)權(quán)利? [19:31.37]It makes perfect sense to say that adult persons have a right not to be cloned without their voluntary, [19:35.45]如果說一位成年人不知情同意，他就有不被克隆的權(quán)利的話， [19:39.54]informed consent. [19:40.82]這位倫理學(xué)家的說法還有一定的意義。 [19:42.10]But if such consent is given,whose "right"to genetic identity would be violated? [19:45.43]但是，如果他知情同意的話，又是誰的“擁有基因身份的權(quán)利”將被破壞呢? [19:48.76]3 Many of the science-fiction scenarios prompted by the prospect of human cloning turn out, [19:51.69]有許多以人類基因克隆為題材的科幻小說劇本， [19:54.62]upon reflection,to be absurdly improbable. [19:57.02]但是經(jīng)過對(duì)這些劇本的仔細(xì)推敲，便會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其內(nèi)容荒誕不經(jīng)。 [19:59.41]There's the fear,for instance, [20:00.51]比如，有人擔(dān)心， [20:01.61]that parents might clone a child to have"spare parts"in case the original child needs an organ transplant. [20:05.89]父母?jìng)儠?huì)克隆一個(gè)小孩，以在必要的時(shí)候?yàn)槠湓行『⒌钠鞴僖浦?，提供器官? [20:10.18]But parents of identical twins don't view one child as an organ farm for the other. [20:13.31]但是，雙胞胎的父母?jìng)儾⒉徽J(rèn)為其中一個(gè)孩子是另一個(gè)孩子的“器官生產(chǎn)廠”; [20:16.44]Why should cloned children's parents be any different? [20:18.65]那么，為什么要認(rèn)為擁有克隆子女的父母會(huì)與雙胞胎(或多胞胎)父母對(duì)待孩子的方式有不同呢? [20:20.87]4 Another disturbing thought is that cloning will lead to efforts to breed individuals with genetic qualities perceived as exceptional [20:25.24]另一個(gè)令人擔(dān)心的問題是：克隆技術(shù)將導(dǎo)致人們努力培育具備特別基因素質(zhì)的個(gè)體， [20:29.62](math geniuses,basketball players). [20:31.27]比如數(shù)學(xué)天才、藍(lán)球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。 [20:32.93]Such ideas are repulsive because of the atrocities committed by the Nazis in the name of eugenics. [20:36.71]這種想法是令人厭惡的，因?yàn)?它使我們想起了)納粹曾經(jīng)以優(yōu)秀人種學(xué)說為名義所犯下的暴行。 [20:40.49]But there's a vast difference between "selective breeding"as practiced by totalitarian regimes [20:44.54]但是集權(quán)主義國家所實(shí)施的“選擇繁衍” [20:48.59](where the urge to produce certain types of people leads to efforts to eradicate other types) [20:52.10](強(qiáng)烈地希望繁衍某些民族而試圖滅絕其他民族) [20:55.61]and the immeasurably more benign forms already practiced in democratic societies [20:59.32]與已在民主國家中進(jìn)行的已溫和了很多的選擇繁衍形式， [21:03.02](where,say,lawyers freely choose to marry other lawyers). [21:05.78](比如說，律師自由選擇與律師結(jié)婚) [21:08.53]Banks stocked with the frozen sperm of geniuses already exist. [21:11.43]保持有天才們的精液的冷凍精子庫早就建立起來了。 [21:14.33]They haven't created a master race because only a tiny number of women have wanted to impregnate themselves this way. [21:18.02]但是一個(gè)優(yōu)等民族并沒有因此而產(chǎn)生，因?yàn)樾枰柚訋靸?nèi)的精子懷孕的育齡婦女畢竟是極少數(shù)。 [21:21.71]Why would it be different if human cloning became available? [21:24.28]如果克隆技術(shù)發(fā)展到一定程度，利用克隆技術(shù)與利用精子庫繁衍后代，又有什么不同呢? [21:26.86]5 So who will likely take advantage of cloning? [21:28.60]那么，將有哪些人們將受益于克隆技術(shù)呢? [21:30.35]Perhaps a grieving couple whose child is dying. [21:32.60]也許是一對(duì)因孩子生命垂危而悲痛不已的夫婦。 [21:34.85]This might seem psychologically twisted. [21:36.52]這看起來有些心理變態(tài)。 [21:38.20]But a cloned child born to such dubious parents stands no greater or lesser chance of being loved, [21:41.56]但是這些可能會(huì)有心理變態(tài)的(不大可靠)的父母，對(duì)待他們克隆的子女 [21:44.93]or rejected,or warped than a child normally conceived. [21:47.41]會(huì)像對(duì)待他們正常生育的小孩一樣，別無二致。 [21:49.90]Infertile couples are also likely to seek out cloning. [21:51.93]沒有生育能力的夫婦也可能受益于克隆技術(shù)。 [21:53.96]That such couples have other options(in vitro fertilization or adoption)is not an argument for denying them the right to clone. [21:58.84]這些夫婦有別的選擇(如體外受精或領(lǐng)養(yǎng))，但是這些別的選擇，并不能作為剝奪他們享有克隆權(quán)利的依據(jù)。 [22:03.72]Or consider an example raised by Judge Richard Posner: [22:06.02]或者我們討論一下由理查德·鮑斯奈法官舉出的一個(gè)案例： [22:08.33]a couple in which the husband has some tragic genetic defect. [22:10.76]有一對(duì)夫婦，丈夫有某種遺傳基因缺陷。 [22:13.19]Currently,if this couple wants a genetically related child, [22:15.44]目前，如果這對(duì)夫婦想要一個(gè)有血緣關(guān)系的孩子， [22:17.69]they have four not altogether pleasant options. [22:19.90]他們有四種不那么令人愉快的選擇。 [22:22.12]They can reproduce naturally and risk passing on the disease to the child. [22:25.19]他們可以自然生產(chǎn)，但是要冒把遺傳性疾病傳給子女的危險(xiǎn)。 [22:28.27]They can go to a sperm bank and take a chance on unknown genes. [22:30.85]他們可以去精子庫，去選擇不知名者的精子。 [22:33.42]They can try in vitro fertilization and dispose of any afflicted embryo--though that might be objectionable,too. [22:38.17]他們也可以嘗試體外受精并且處理令人痛苦的胚胎——雖然這種選擇也會(huì)令人不快。 [22:42.92]Or they can get a male relative of the father to donate sperm,if such a relative exists. [22:46.70]或者如果丈夫有男性親戚，可以請(qǐng)這位親戚捐獻(xiàn)精子。 [22:50.48]This is one case where even people unnerved by cloning might see it as not the worst option. [22:54.12]從這個(gè)例子，即使對(duì)克隆技術(shù)不感冒的人們也能發(fā)現(xiàn)基因克隆不是最壞的選擇。 [22:57.76]6 Even if human cloning offers no obvious benefits to humanity,why ban it? [23:00.94]即使克隆人類不能為人類帶來明顯的好處，又為什么要禁止它呢? [23:04.13]In a democratic society we don't usually pass laws outlawing something before there is actual or probable evidence of harm. [23:09.38]在一個(gè)民主的社會(huì)中，我們通常不會(huì)在某個(gè)事物還沒有確切的或可能的有危害的證據(jù)之前，就通過法律將它視為非法而加以廢止。 [23:14.64]A moratorium on further research into human cloning might make sense, [23:17.21]為了能心平氣和地思考克隆人類所引發(fā)的嚴(yán)肅問題， [23:19.79]in order to consider calmly the grave questions it raises. [23:22.18]而對(duì)克隆人類的進(jìn)一步研究工作做一些推遲是很有意義的。 [23:24.58]If the moratorium is then lifted, [23:26.03]如果這種推遲結(jié)束， [23:27.49]human cloning should remain a research activity for an extended period. [23:30.16]克隆人類應(yīng)該仍然是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的研究活動(dòng)。 [23:32.82]And if is ever attempted, [23:33.65]并且，如果真的要克隆人類， [23:34.48]it should--and no doubt will--take place only with careful scrutiny and layers of legal oversight. [23:38.29]也應(yīng)該——而且毫不疑問將——在仔細(xì)詳實(shí)的查驗(yàn)和法律的層層監(jiān)督下，才能發(fā)生。 [23:42.11]Most important, [23:43.08]最重要的是， [23:44.05]human cloning should be governed by the same laws that now protect human rights. [23:46.86]就像人權(quán)有法律保護(hù)一樣，人類克隆權(quán)也應(yīng)該有相應(yīng)的法律來加以保護(hù)。 [23:49.67]A world not safe for cloned humans would be a world not safe for the rest of us. [23:53.57]一個(gè)對(duì)克隆人類來說不安全的世界，對(duì)于我們這些被正常生育下來的人來說，也是不安全的。 [23:57.48]New Words [23:58.16]單詞 [23:58.85]adoption n [23:59.86]收養(yǎng)，領(lǐng)養(yǎng) [24:00.86]atrocity n [24:02.02]暴行 [24:03.17]breeding n [24:03.94]繁殖 [24:04.72]clone v [24:05.63]無性繁殖，克隆 [24:06.55]cloning n [24:07.47]無性繁殖，克隆 [24:08.39]disgust n & v [24:09.45]1)厭惡 2)使厭惡 [24:10.51]eradicate v [24:11.43]擺脫，消滅 [24:12.35]ethicist n [24:13.68]倫理學(xué)家，道德學(xué)家 [24:15.01]eugenics n [24:16.07]優(yōu)生學(xué) [24:17.14]extended adj [24:18.32]延長(zhǎng)的，延續(xù)的 [24:19.51]fertilization n [24:20.66]受精 [24:21.82]immeasurably adv [24:23.15]無法計(jì)量地，無限地 [24:24.48]impregnate v [24:25.63]使懷孕 [24:26.78]infertile adj [24:27.97]1)不孕的 2)不肥沃的，貧瘠的 [24:29.16]layer n [24:30.26]1)層次，層面 2)一層 [24:31.36]moratorium n [24:32.42]暫停(活動(dòng)) [24:33.48]outlaw v [24:34.49]禁止，取締 [24:35.50]oversight n [24:36.32]監(jiān)督，看管 [24:37.15]reproduce v [24:38.12]1)生育，繁殖 2)復(fù)制，重做 [24:39.10]repulsive adj [24:40.28]令人厭惡的 [24:41.47]scenario n [24:42.57]腳本，劇情說明 [24:43.67]scrutiny n [24:44.82]詳盡的查驗(yàn) [24:45.97]theologian n [24:46.94]神學(xué)家，神學(xué)研究者 [24:47.92]twisted adj [24:49.10]扭曲的 [24:50.29]unnerve v [24:51.12]使緊張不安，使心慌意亂 [24:51.95]vitro [24:52.78]在體外，在試管內(nèi) [24:53.60]warp v [24:54.76]使(性格等)不正常，使乖戾 [24:55.91]How the Gene Test Can Affect Your Insurance [24:57.94]基因檢查如何影響你的保險(xiǎn) [24:59.98]1 Jamie Stephenson has seen first-hand what modern genetic science can do for a family. [25:03.31]杰米·斯蒂芬森已經(jīng)親身經(jīng)歷了現(xiàn)代基因科學(xué)能給一個(gè)家庭帶來什么。 [25:06.64]When her son David was 2 years old, [25:08.06]當(dāng)她的兒子戴維兩歲的時(shí)候， [25:09.48]a pediatrician noticed signs of mental retardation and developmental delays. [25:12.56]一位兒科醫(yī)生注意到他有精神呆滯和發(fā)育遲緩的跡象。 [25:15.64]A lab test confirmed the diagnosis, [25:17.24]實(shí)驗(yàn)檢查證實(shí)了醫(yī)生的診斷， [25:18.84]and the Stephensons spent several years learning to live with it. [25:20.96]但是斯蒂芬森一家經(jīng)過幾年才接受了這一現(xiàn)實(shí)。 [25:23.09]When David was 6,he visited a neurologist, [25:25.21]當(dāng)戴維六歲時(shí)，他去看了一位神經(jīng)科醫(yī)生， [25:27.34]who scribbled"hereditary mental retardation"on an insurance-company claim form. [25:30.61]這位醫(yī)生在保險(xiǎn)公司索賠表上寫下了“遺傳性精神呆滯”。 [25:33.89]The company responded promptly-by canceling coverage for the entire family of six. [25:37.31]保險(xiǎn)公司做出了快速反應(yīng)——取消了這一家六口人的保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別。 [25:40.73]There is no medical treatment for his mental retardation, [25:42.67]對(duì)于這種精神呆滯疾病，醫(yī)學(xué)上還沒有對(duì)癥治療的方法。 [25:44.62]and none of David's siblings had been diagnosed with the condition. [25:46.74]而且，戴維的兄弟、姊妹都沒有患這種病。 [25:48.86]The company didn't care," [25:49.78]“保險(xiǎn)公司可不管這些，” [25:50.70]Stephenson says. [25:51.38]斯蒂芬森說。 [25:52.07]"They just saw a positive genetic test and said,'You're out'". [25:54.70]“他們只是看到了一個(gè)基因檢查的陽性結(jié)果，然后說，‘你們不再享有醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)?！? [25:57.32]2 No one would argue that genetic tests are worthless. [25:59.48]沒有人會(huì)同意基因檢查毫無用處。 [26:01.64]Used properly,they can give people unprecedented power over their lives. [26:04.49]基因檢查，如果能被適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂?，將使人們?duì)他們的生命具有前所未有的控制力。 [26:07.33]Prospective parents who discover they're silent carriers of the gene for a disease like Tay-Sachs, [26:10.93]未來的父母?jìng)儯?dāng)他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己是某種基因遺傳疾性，比如 [26:14.53]which causes death by the age of 3, [26:16.28]家族性黑蒙性白癡的隱性攜帶者時(shí)， [26:18.02]can make better-informed decisions about whether and how to have kids. [26:20.51]可以在了解更多信息的情況下決定是否或怎樣去生小孩。 [26:22.99]Some genetic maladies can be managed through medication and lifestyle changes once they're identified. [26:26.54]有些基因缺陷性疾病可以在確診之后，通過藥物治療和生活方式的改變而加以控制。 [26:30.08]And while knowing that you're at special risk for cancer may be an emotional burden, [26:32.98]但是知道你有極大的可能患癌癥，會(huì)成為一種精神負(fù)擔(dān); [26:35.88]It can also alert you to the need for intensive monitoring. [26:38.00]但這也同時(shí)也警示你做深入的自我調(diào)整。 [26:40.13]3 The catch is that no one can guarantee the privacy of genetic information. [26:42.95]但是一個(gè)潛在的令人棘手的問題：沒有人能夠保證個(gè)人基因信息的絕對(duì)保密。 [26:45.78]Out-side of large group plans, [26:47.29]除了大的團(tuán)體計(jì)劃外， [26:48.80]insurance companies often scour people's medical records before extending coverage. [26:51.85]保險(xiǎn)公司在決定保險(xiǎn)范圍前常常會(huì)搜索客戶的健康記錄。 [26:54.89]And though employers face some restrictions, [26:56.69]雖然對(duì)雇主要看個(gè)人健康記錄有一定的限制， [26:58.49]virtually any company with a benefits program can get access to workers' health data. [27:01.42]但是事實(shí)上，任何有贏利項(xiàng)目的公司都可以得到工人健康狀況的資料。 [27:04.36]So can schools,adoption agencies and the military. [27:06.93]學(xué)校、領(lǐng)養(yǎng)機(jī)構(gòu)和軍隊(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)也有這樣的權(quán)利。 [27:09.50]4 How often is genetic information used against people? [27:11.75]又有多少時(shí)候基因信息會(huì)帶給人們不快呢? [27:14.00]No one knows,but there are signs that discrimination is fairly common. [27:16.76]沒有人知道。但是種種跡象表明基因歧視相當(dāng)普遍。 [27:19.51]In one recent study, [27:20.63]在最近的一次調(diào)查中， [27:21.74]more than 200 instances were documented in which people experienced genetic discrimination. [27:25.25]資料顯示不少于200個(gè)人曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過基因歧視。 [27:28.76]Many participants told of losing their health and life insurance. [27:31.01]很多被調(diào)查者談到他們已喪失了健康和人壽保險(xiǎn)。 [27:33.26]But that wasn't their only problem. [27:34.60]但是，這還不是他們所面臨的唯一麻煩。 [27:35.93]One respondent was denied a job selling insurance after he disclosed that he had a hereditary disease that can be treated for about $ 1,200 a year. [27:41.69]有一位被調(diào)查者說她患有一種遺傳性疾病，每年花1，200美元可以治愈，她因此而失去了賣保險(xiǎn)的工作。 [27:47.45]A social worker who had excelled during her first year at a Wisconsin healthcare company [27:50.26]有一位社會(huì)工作者在威斯康星醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)公司的第一年，干得非常好， [27:53.06]was quickly forced out after mentioning that her uncle had Huntington's, [27:55.55]但是當(dāng)她提及她有一位叔叔患有抗廷斯頓舞蹈癥， [27:58.03]a brain disease that victims' offspring have a 50 percent of developing. [28:01.07]一種患者后代有百分之五十的機(jī)率患病的腦疾， [28:04.12]A woman in the early stages of Huntington's disease was unable to place her child with a private adoption agency. [28:08.31]一位婦女患家族性黑蒙性白癡病，已具有該病的早期癥狀，她找不到一家能收養(yǎng)她孩子的私人育兒院。 [28:12.50]A public agency took the child, [28:13.87]一個(gè)公立育兒院收養(yǎng)了這個(gè)小孩。 [28:15.24]eventually matching her with a couple who had previously been rejected themselves [28:17.87]這個(gè)小孩子最后由一對(duì)夫婦收養(yǎng)，這對(duì)夫婦本來曾想收養(yǎng)孩子，但被拒絕， [28:20.50]beacause one partner carried the Huntington's gene. [28:22.53]因?yàn)榉驄D中的一位是抗廷斯頓基因的隱性攜帶者。 [28:24.56]"It's a stark commentary on how society regards people at risk,"they said. [28:27.50]“這便是這個(gè)社會(huì)如何對(duì)待有基因缺陷公司的!”他們說。 [28:30.43]5 Not surprisingly,people from high-risk families have come to fear tests almost as much as the disease. [28:34.34]毫不奇怪，有家族性遺傳病病史的成員，已經(jīng)開始像害怕疾病本身一樣害怕基因檢查。 [28:38.24]It is estimated that only 15 percent of the people with a Huntington's afflicted parent choose to learn their own status. [28:42.47]據(jù)估計(jì)，在父親患有抗廷斯頓病的人群中，只有百分之五十的人希望知曉他們自己的健康狀況。 [28:46.70]Discrimination isn't their only concern; [28:48.50]怕遭受基因歧視并不是他們唯一的擔(dān)心， [28:50.30]virtually everyone testing positive for the Huntington's gene develops symptoms during middle age, [28:53.81]事實(shí)上每個(gè)抗廷斯頓基因檢查曾陽性的個(gè)體，都會(huì)在中年時(shí)期出現(xiàn)抗廷斯頓病的癥狀。 [28:57.32]and doctors can do nothing to help. [28:58.66]而且醫(yī)生對(duì)這些癥狀束手無策。 [28:59.99]But people who might benefit from genetic tests are almost as leery. [29:02.42]但是那些可能會(huì)從基因檢查中受益的人們對(duì)此幾乎持同樣的謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度。 [29:04.85]When researchers surveyed 279 people from families plagued by lung cancer, [29:08.21]當(dāng)研究人員對(duì)二百七十九位有肺癌家庭史的人們進(jìn)行調(diào)查時(shí)， [29:11.58]only 43 percent wanted to have gene tests that might gauge their own susceptibility. [29:14.86]只有百分之四十三的人希望做基因測(cè)試以弄清他們患有肺癌的可能性。 [29:18.13]Many said the prospect of discrimination scared them off. [29:20.29]很多人說他們不愿遭受基因歧視，所以拒絕基因檢查。 [29:22.45]6 Besides depriving people of potentially useful information,the fear of discrimination can hamper scientific progress. [29:27.29]對(duì)因?yàn)橛谢蛉毕荻艿狡缫暤膿?dān)憂，不僅使人們不能獲得潛在的有用的信息，還將阻礙科學(xué)的進(jìn)步。 [29:32.14]Barbara Weber,a geneticist, [29:33.65]芭芭拉·韋伯，一位基因?qū)W家， [29:35.16]often asks those who learn they carry the Huntington's gene to take part in confidential follow-up studies. [29:38.98]經(jīng)常請(qǐng)求那些抗廷斯頓基因的隱性攜帶者們參加保密的隨訪研究。 [29:42.79]She wants to know which strategies are most effective for preserving their health. [29:45.78]她想知道什么辦法能最有效地保證他們的健康。 [29:48.77]"We have the tools to answer these questions,"she says. [29:50.71]“我們有辦法回答這些問題，”她說。 [29:52.66]"All they have to do is tell us how they're doing every six months." [29:54.91]“他們所需要做的只是每六個(gè)月一次來告訴我們他們正在干什么?！? [29:57.16]Yet 75 percent of the people she approaches say no. [29:59.41]但是，有百分之七十五的人拒絕了她的要求。 [30:01.66]7 The federal government is now taking steps to make genetic information less threatening. [30:04.84]聯(lián)邦政府現(xiàn)在正在采取措施，使基因信息不再那么可怕。 [30:08.03]A recently enacted health insurance act bars insurers from treating genetic mutations as [30:11.54]一項(xiàng)最近實(shí)施的健康保險(xiǎn)法案規(guī)定：禁止將基因缺陷當(dāng)作 [30:15.05]"pre-existing conditions"unless they are causing illness. [30:17.53]“投保前存在的情況”來處理，除非基因缺陷已使當(dāng)事人患病。 [30:20.02]The act also guarantees coverage to anyone leaving one group plan for another, [30:23.15]法案同時(shí)保證，任何人，他有權(quán)利停止一個(gè)團(tuán)體保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃，申請(qǐng)另外的保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)種， [30:26.28]whatever his pre-existing conditions. [30:27.74]不管以前健康狀況如何 [30:29.20]That will make switching jobs easier for many people, [30:31.09]這對(duì)很多人來說就是更容易更換工作。 [30:32.98]but ethicists say the act is only a first step. [30:35.10]但是倫理學(xué)家們說這個(gè)法案只是第一步， [30:37.22]Because it covers only group plans and doesn't deal with disability insurance, [30:39.98]因?yàn)檫@個(gè)法案只涉及到團(tuán)體保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃，而沒有針對(duì)殘疾人的保險(xiǎn)。 [30:42.73]the act won't do much for people like Theresa Morelli, [30:44.77]這個(gè)法案幫不了像特里奧·莫雷里這樣的人們。 [30:46.80]who applied for independent coverage several years ago. [30:49.05]幾年前，特里奧·莫雷里申請(qǐng)了獨(dú)立的保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)種。 [30:51.30]Morelli was 28 and in perfect health when she met with an insurance agent and paid her first premium. [30:54.99]當(dāng)她碰到一位保險(xiǎn)代理商，并付第一筆保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)時(shí)，她二十八歲，非常健康。 [30:58.68]A month later,she got her check back, [31:00.19]一個(gè)月后，她的支票被退回， [31:01.70]along with a letter saying her application had been denied because her father had Huntington's disease. [31:05.07]并附信一封，說她的申請(qǐng)被拒絕是因?yàn)樗母赣H患有抗廷斯頓病。 [31:08.44]Morelli's father had in fact received that diagnosis [31:10.56]莫雷里的父親確實(shí)收到了那樣的診斷書 [31:12.68]--erroneously,it turned out--ant her doctor had made a note of it in her chart. [31:15.44]——這份診斷書最后被證明是誤診——并且莫雷里的醫(yī)生曾就此事在她的健康記錄表上附了一張便條。 [31:18.19]8 The restrictions on employers are also full of holes. [31:20.32]法案對(duì)雇主的限制也是漏洞百出、有很多缺陷。 [31:22.44]A disabilities act bars companies from discrimination against people with disabilities [31:25.63]殘疾人法案禁止各公司歧視身體有缺陷的人 [31:28.81]--and it defines that term broadly enough to include genetic mutations that have yet to cause symptoms. [31:32.45]——法案所定義的殘疾人的范圍是如此的廣泛，其中包括了還沒有引起疾病癥狀的有缺陷基因。 [31:36.08]But the act does nothing to prevent employers from gathering medical information. [31:38.84]但是法案對(duì)于雇主們收集醫(yī)療健康情況的行為無能為力。 [31:41.59]As long as employers have access to genetic information, [31:43.90]而只要雇主能夠搞到這些基因信息， [31:46.20]they'll have an irresistible incentive to use it. [31:47.86]他們很難抵抗住使用這些信息的誘惑。 [31:49.51]9 Lawmakers are now racing to strengthen the protections. [31:51.64]法律制定者們正努力加強(qiáng)各方面的保護(hù)。 [31:53.76]At least 15 states in the U.S.have recently placed restrictions on insurers or employers, [31:57.36]在美國，至少有十五個(gè)州最近對(duì)承保人或雇主提出要求， [32:00.96]and Congress will consider several bills in the new session. [32:03.12]并且國會(huì)將在即將開幕的國會(huì)會(huì)議期間通過幾個(gè)法案。 [32:05.28]The insurance industry argues that it should be free to charge people rates that reflect their risks, [32:08.61]保險(xiǎn)行業(yè)人士認(rèn)為，投保時(shí)他們應(yīng)該有權(quán)利根據(jù)投保人的情況，自行決定保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)。 [32:11.94]at least when dealing with individuals and small companies. [32:14.12]至少在處理個(gè)人投保和小公司投保時(shí) [32:16.30]But most ethicists contend that where health coverage is concerned, [32:18.73]但是大多數(shù)的倫理學(xué)家提出抗議，就醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)而言， [32:21.16]people shouldn't be penalized for risks they can't modify. [32:23.73]人們不能因?yàn)樗麄儫o法改變的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而受到不公正的對(duì)待。 [32:26.30]10 Discrimination isn't the only potential downside to genetic testing. [32:28.93]由于基因缺陷而遭人歧視并不是唯一潛在地阻礙基因檢查的因素。 [32:31.56]Some of the new susceptibility tests can only vaguely predict illness [32:34.31]有些新的敏感性測(cè)試只能粗略地預(yù)測(cè)疾病 [32:37.07]-and no one forces the companies that offer them to counsel patients about what the results actually mean. [32:40.67]——并且沒有人要求提供某種檢查結(jié)果的公司向病人解釋這些結(jié)果究竟意味著什么， [32:44.27]Even when the tests are sound and the results secure, [32:46.61]即使檢查很順利，檢查結(jié)果表明被檢查者很健康， [32:48.95]the knowledge they create can dash hopes and divide families. [32:51.34]這些結(jié)果所提供的知識(shí)也能使希望破滅，使家庭分裂。 [32:53.74]New Words [32:54.89]單詞 [32:56.04]alert v & adj [32:57.14]1)使警覺，使警惕 2)警惕的，警覺的 [32:58.24]carrier n [32:59.06]1)帶有缺陷基因的人 2)運(yùn)輸工具 [32:59.89]commentary n [33:01.13]1)說明，寫照 2)實(shí)況報(bào)道 [33:02.38]developmental adj [33:03.74]發(fā)育的，發(fā)展的 [33:05.11]diagnosis n [33:06.35]診斷 [33:07.60]disclose v [33:08.46]透露 [33:09.32]downside n [33:10.24]消極面，負(fù)面 [33:11.16]enact v [33:11.99]制定(法律等)，通過(法案等) [33:12.82]gauge v [33:13.64]估計(jì)，判定 [33:14.47]geneticist n [33:15.57]遺傳學(xué)家 [33:16.67]healthcare n [33:17.73]保健，保健事業(yè) [33:18.79]hereditary adj [33:19.89]遺傳的 [33:20.99]high-risk adj [33:22.00]高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的 [33:23.00]Huntington n [33:23.98]遺傳性慢性舞蹈病 [33:24.95]insurer n [33:26.01]保險(xiǎn)公司，承保方 [33:27.07]lawmaker n [33:28.22]立法者 [33:29.38]leery adj [33:30.11]猜疑的，有戒心的 [33:30.85]lung n [33:31.63]肺 [33:32.40]malady n [33:33.26]病，疾病(通常做比喻) [33:34.13]mutation n [33:35.14]基因突變 [33:36.14]offspring n [33:37.21]子女，后代 [33:38.27]penalize v [33:39.60]對(duì)待……不公平，使處于不利地位 [33:40.93]pre-existing adj [33:41.85]先存在的，先發(fā)生的 [33:42.77]retardation n [33:43.96]智力遲鈍，精神發(fā)育遲緩 [33:45.14]scour v [33:46.15]仔細(xì)搜索 [33:47.16]stark adj [33:48.13]嚴(yán)酷的，赤裸裸的 [33:49.10]Tay-Sachs n [33:50.20]家庭性黑蒙性白癡癥 [33:51.30]unprecedented adj [33:52.22]前所未有的，絕無僅有的 [33:53.14]worthless adj [33:54.00]無價(jià)值的，沒用的

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