【BBC紀(jì)錄片】凡爾賽宮 第30期：婚姻與忠誠(chéng)重要嗎?

Gradually the saints days got more frequent,

慢慢地 圣日逐漸增多

and the saints, themselves, became increasingly obscure until,

而她提到的所謂"圣人"也越來(lái)越不靠譜

finally, Louis lost his temper and asked Lebel,

最終路易的怒氣爆發(fā) 并要求

who was the concierge of Versailles,

凡爾賽的管理員勒貝爾

to bring him a woman, any woman.

帶來(lái)一個(gè)女人 任何女人都行

Louis only had to ask,

路易只需要求

and just about anything and anyone could be provided, and was.

任何物或人便受召前來(lái) 事實(shí)的確如此

The King gradually got into thehabitof first having

國(guó)王逐漸習(xí)慣于調(diào)戲

dalliances with the court ladies and then full-blown affairs.

宮廷侍女 然后發(fā)展出真正的奸情

Louis began a life of carnal adventures

路易充滿肉欲的生活

that would turn him into one of history's greatest libertines.

將他變成了歷史上最風(fēng)流的浪子之一

He was a great womaniser,

他沉湎于女色

but there was nothing unusual about that.

但這其實(shí)沒(méi)什么特別

French kings were expected to be womanisers.

人們希望法國(guó)國(guó)王擁有情婦

This was seen as a sign that they were virile,

這代表了男性雄風(fēng)

and we're going to produce an heir, and were, in fact,

也是子嗣的象征 而實(shí)際上

acting in an aristocratic and masculine way.

代表了貴族而陽(yáng)剛的作風(fēng)

Indeed, within the aristocratic society

誠(chéng)然 在國(guó)王耳濡目染的

that the King had beenraised,

貴族社會(huì)中

the idea of marriage or fidelity was seen as laughable.

婚姻與忠誠(chéng)的概念相當(dāng)可笑

一.habit：n. 習(xí)慣，習(xí)性 n. 騎裝，宗教服裝 vt. 給…穿衣服

【詞義辨析】

habit，practice，custom，convention

habit: 指?jìng)€(gè)人的“習(xí)慣”，通常用于表示做事、思考問(wèn)題或行為舉止的不自覺的方式方法。

That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back tomy old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.

這證明是我的失敗，因?yàn)槲也痪镁突氐皆陔娨暺聊磺按蝾膲牧?xí)慣去了。

practice: 既可表示個(gè)人的也可表示社會(huì)的“習(xí)慣”，這種“習(xí)慣”從性質(zhì)上看是一種反復(fù)不斷的或是有選擇性的行為或者方法。

On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat——thenormally accepted practice in many northern countries.

在另一方面，一想到用動(dòng)物油煎馬鈴薯，你便會(huì)作嘔。然而在許多北歐國(guó)家里，這是為大家接受的通常習(xí)慣。

She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open,yetfollowing her general practice she had shut them before going out.

她慢慢地走進(jìn)廳堂，并且立刻發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的房門都是開著的。但是按照她自己的一般習(xí)慣，她在外出前總是把門全部關(guān)好的。

custom: 具有 habit 和 practice 的一切含義，此外，custom 還包含這樣一層意思：長(zhǎng)期而廣泛采用的行為或方法，即風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，按照某地區(qū)人們共同生活及其行為的準(zhǔn)則或規(guī)范，它不僅有指導(dǎo)意義，而且具有必須遵循的意義。

Don't be a slave to custom.

不要做風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的奴隸。

From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience andbehaviour.

一個(gè)人從誕生的那一時(shí)刻起，他降生后所處的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣便給他的閱歷和行為定型。

convention: 其實(shí)是其他3個(gè)詞的近義詞，它的含義為：固定的或公眾一致承認(rèn)的行事或表達(dá)思想的方法。

They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anythingextraordinary.

他們不顧社會(huì)習(xí)俗，并未意識(shí)到自己在做些與眾不同的事。

【例句用法】

1.He is in the habit of rising early.

他有早起的習(xí)慣。

2.My colleague has broken off the habit of smoking.

我的同事已經(jīng)戒掉了吸煙的習(xí)慣。

二.raise：n. 上升，增高，高地 vt. 升起，舉起，飼養(yǎng)，提出，引起

【詞義辨析】

1.arise，rise，raise，lift

arise: 書面用詞，多用于詩(shī)歌或比喻中，具有特殊的修辭色彩。

rise: 普通用詞，指具體的或抽象的事物由低向高移動(dòng)。

raise: 及物動(dòng)詞，常用詞，多指把某物從低處升到高處，有時(shí)作引申用。

lift: 語(yǔ)氣比raise強(qiáng)，指用體力或機(jī)械的力舉起或抬起某物。

2.lift，hoist，raise，elevate，heave，boost

lift: 指用人力或機(jī)械力把某物升到較高的位置。

hoist: 多指用繩索、滑輪等機(jī)械把重物升起。

raise: 較正式用詞，?？膳clift換用，但強(qiáng)調(diào)把某物舉起或抬起到應(yīng)有的高度。常用比喻。

elevate: 較正式用詞，指位置、高度的升高，多作比喻用，指職位、品德等的提高。

heave: 指需花大力氣或借外力才能舉起或抬起重物。

boost: 原義指從后面或下面推起或提高，現(xiàn)常用于指提高價(jià)格、振作精神等抽象概念。

3.raise，keep，support，feed

raise: 意為“撫養(yǎng)(指人);飼養(yǎng)(指動(dòng)物或禽畜)”之意。

He raised the children himself;his wife died years ago.

他的妻子多年以前就去世了，他一手把孩子拉扯大。

He raised those goats from new-born kids.

那些羊從小羊羔時(shí)就是他喂養(yǎng)的。

keep: 表示“養(yǎng)活(指人);飼養(yǎng)(指動(dòng)物或禽畜)”。

John has his wife and six children to keep(support).

約翰要養(yǎng)活妻子和六個(gè)孩子。

They kept some hens and pigs.

他們養(yǎng)了一些雞和豬。

support: 意為“養(yǎng)活”，不用于飼養(yǎng)動(dòng)物。

She supports her old mother.

她贍養(yǎng)老母親。

He has a large family to support.

他要養(yǎng)活一大家子。

feed: 意為“喂養(yǎng);飼養(yǎng);以......為食”。

Have you fed the baby/cow yet?

嬰兒/牛喂了嗎?

She fed meat to her dog. =She fed her dog with/on meat.

她用肉喂狗。

Foxes feed on small animals.

狐貍以小動(dòng)物為食。

【詞語(yǔ)用法】

raise在美式英語(yǔ)中有“飼養(yǎng)，撫養(yǎng)”的意思，如 raise cattle(飼養(yǎng)牲口)和raise children(撫養(yǎng)孩子)。相對(duì)應(yīng)的英式英語(yǔ)則是breed cattle和rear children;

raise在美式英語(yǔ)中還有“增加”的意思，通常指工資等的上升，如a raise in/of salary。英式英語(yǔ)中習(xí)慣用rise或increase去替換該詞;

【錯(cuò)句舉例與錯(cuò)句分析】

錯(cuò)句：It will slowly start to overheat and its respiration rate and its temperature will start toraise.

糾正：It will slowly start to overheat and its respiration rate and its temperature will start torise.

翻譯：它會(huì)慢慢的變得過(guò)熱而且它的呼吸頻率和溫度會(huì)開始上升。

分析：raise是及物動(dòng)詞，后面要加賓語(yǔ)，應(yīng)改為不及物動(dòng)詞rise。