時(shí)差N小時(shí):種族類(lèi)型及記憶 racial stereotyping

Although there has been much debate aboutwhether race has a biological or social basis, thebottom line is that race is a psychological realityfor many people.

雖然對(duì)于種族歧視究竟是關(guān)于生物種群還是社會(huì)因素仍然未果，但至少對(duì)多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)種族問(wèn)題是一種心理現(xiàn)實(shí)性的反應(yīng)。

That is, many folks assign other individuals to racialcategories based on their appearance, and thenmake assumptions about them.

這就是說(shuō)，他們按照外貌將他人劃分，然后做出假設(shè)。

But racial stereotyping goes beyond classifyingpeople into groups.

但種族刻板印象還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止如此。

When a group is assigned a negative stereotype, individuals that exhibit more of the physicalcharacteristics identified with that group suffer more discrimination.

當(dāng)一個(gè)人被貼上低等族群的標(biāo)簽時(shí)，會(huì)遭受到更多的歧視。

For example, in a recent study, participants were asked to read one of four news articles about ahypothetical African American man.

例如在最近的一項(xiàng)研究中，測(cè)試者們被要求閱讀四篇關(guān)于非裔美國(guó)人關(guān)于種族印象新聞的其中一篇。

The first story was about a professor receiving an award.

第一篇是關(guān)于一名教授獲獎(jiǎng)。The second was about an athlete, arole stereotypically linked to African Americans.

第二篇是一名非裔美國(guó)人的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。

The third was about a white-collar criminal and the fourth about a violent criminal.

最后兩篇?jiǎng)t是一名白領(lǐng)罪犯和一名暴徒。

No matter which story they read, all participants saw the same photo of the man.

不論選擇哪篇，文章的附圖都是同一名男子。

Despite that fact, when participants were asked to reconstruct the man's face on a computer,they gave the man more stereotypically African features, such as darker skin tones, if he hadbeen portrayed negatively as the white collar criminal, or-especially--as the violent criminal.

除去新聞內(nèi)容，當(dāng)參與者被要求在電腦上重塑這名男子的臉時(shí)，如果他曾被丑化為白領(lǐng)犯罪者,或者—尤其是暴力罪犯，他們賦予的是更多黑皮膚等非洲人特質(zhì)。

The fact that they didn't associate more African features with the athlete, who was portrayedpositively, suggests the participants linked these features to negativity rather than stereotypes.

事實(shí)上，他們并沒(méi)有將更多非洲人的特質(zhì)賦予正面的運(yùn)動(dòng)員形象。這就意味著參與者將這些特質(zhì)與負(fù)面形象聯(lián)系起來(lái)，而非刻板印象。

And this happened regardless of the participants' self-reported racial attitudes, which meansthat they weren't even aware they were having these troubling responses.

而這一切和參與者自己的種族觀念無(wú)關(guān)，他們根本就沒(méi)意識(shí)到自己的答案是存在問(wèn)題的。

If so, then it's not enough to study the way the media portray racial groups.

如若這樣，對(duì)于媒體描述不同種族的研究仍然存在不足之處。

It's also important to study how the public interprets and remembers-or misremembers-thenews in a way that sustains racism.

但對(duì)于研究基于一定的種族歧視人們是如何理解、記憶或遺漏這些新聞信息的還是有其重要的價(jià)值。