【例1】 The history of a tree from the time it starts in the forest until the boards which it yields are used, would form an interesting and, in many instances, an exciting story.
(“×”號(hào)表示譯文有問(wèn)題,下同)
×樹的歷史開始于森林中,直到生產(chǎn)為木板后被使用為止,成為一個(gè)有趣且有許多事例的激動(dòng)人心的故事。
上面這句話的原文實(shí)際上主要說(shuō)了兩點(diǎn)內(nèi)容:
1、樹的歷史的起迄時(shí)間
2、樹的歷史是怎樣一回事
【譯文】 一棵樹,從它在森林中生長(zhǎng)起直到被制成木板使用為止,這段歷史會(huì)構(gòu)成一個(gè)饒有趣味的故事,在很多情況下這個(gè)故事十分激動(dòng)人心。
【例2】 There are two regulatory systems which interact. One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.
×有兩個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)相互作用。一個(gè)定時(shí)系統(tǒng)來(lái)自于我們的感官和胃的證明,就是當(dāng)我們生活在一個(gè)特定的時(shí)區(qū)所經(jīng)歷的周期性。
【譯文】 人體有兩個(gè)相互作用的時(shí)間調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)。一個(gè)時(shí)間調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)依據(jù)感官和胃發(fā)出的信息,依據(jù)我們生活在某個(gè)時(shí)區(qū)所體驗(yàn)的周期性規(guī)律。
尋找對(duì)等詞語(yǔ)和結(jié)構(gòu)然后將其串接成句的翻譯方法,常表現(xiàn)如下:
1、簡(jiǎn)單語(yǔ)句的譯文雖然生硬,但基本可讀。如:
【例3】 I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.
×我能看到音樂(lè)史上有三種不同的作曲家,他們中每一個(gè)人以某種不同的方式創(chuàng)作音樂(lè)。
【譯文】 我發(fā)現(xiàn)音樂(lè)史上有三類作曲家,他們各自的音樂(lè)創(chuàng)作方式有所不同。
2、較復(fù)雜語(yǔ)句的譯文似通非通,甚至不知所云。如:
【例4】 The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern.
×傳統(tǒng)主義型作曲家始于某種格調(diào)而非某種主題。帕萊斯特里納的創(chuàng)作行為不太像對(duì)固定格調(diào)進(jìn)行個(gè)性化處理的主題概念。
【譯文】 傳統(tǒng)型作曲家是從形式出發(fā)而不是從主題出發(fā)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作的。帕萊斯特里納的創(chuàng)作不是主題的構(gòu)思,而是對(duì)固定形式的個(gè)性化處理。
3、典型的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)形式在漢語(yǔ)無(wú)法找到對(duì)等形式,翻譯無(wú)從著手。如:
【例5】 Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come -- with the people who respect you for who you are.
【譯文】 發(fā)現(xiàn)自我,如實(shí)地表現(xiàn)自我,你自然會(huì)為人們所喜歡--為那些尊重你的真正個(gè)性的人們所喜歡。
【例6】 Where do you expect Shanghai to be in five years?
【譯文】 你預(yù)計(jì)今后五年上海的發(fā)展目標(biāo)如何?
翻譯不是一種語(yǔ)言中的詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)到另一種語(yǔ)言的詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)的簡(jiǎn)單轉(zhuǎn)換,也不是在另一種語(yǔ)言中尋找與一種語(yǔ)言中對(duì)等的詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)然后將其串接成句的過(guò)程。在英漢翻譯中,如果把眼光盯著原文的詞語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)這些屬于語(yǔ)言層次的東西,結(jié)果翻譯出來(lái)的只是一種文字層次的轉(zhuǎn)換,徒具其形,原文的內(nèi)容和意義不可能得到很好的表達(dá)。
翻譯究竟是什么呢?
翻譯的過(guò)程就好比交通工具的換乘過(guò)程,兩者之間有諸多相似之處。
交通工具換乘過(guò)程:
內(nèi)容 (人員) ---------> 內(nèi)容(人員)
載體(運(yùn)輸工具1) 載體(運(yùn)輸工具2)
翻譯過(guò)程:
內(nèi)容 (信息) ----------> 內(nèi)容(信息)
載體(源語(yǔ)) 載體(譯語(yǔ))
比較兩者,其共同點(diǎn)有:
(1) 兩者帶有相似的目的:
兩種轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程都是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)內(nèi)容通過(guò)載體的變換從一端到另一端的傳遞。
(2) 兩者含有相似的基本要素:
第一要素內(nèi)容,在交通工具換乘過(guò)程中是人員,而在翻譯過(guò)程中則是信息。
第二要素載體,在交通工具換乘過(guò)程中是車輛、船舶、飛機(jī)等,轉(zhuǎn)換前是一種運(yùn)輸工具,轉(zhuǎn)換后改為另一種運(yùn)輸工具;而在翻譯過(guò)程中則是語(yǔ)言,轉(zhuǎn)換前是源語(yǔ)(source language),轉(zhuǎn)換后是譯語(yǔ)(target language)。
(3) 兩者具有相似的操作要求:
第一,兩者都要求內(nèi)容不變。
第二,兩者都要求過(guò)程順暢
德國(guó)譯學(xué)教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation:Problems & Methods一書中說(shuō):
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.(翻譯不只是在另一種語(yǔ)言中尋找意義相似的其他詞語(yǔ),而是尋找表達(dá)事物的適當(dāng)方式。翻譯始終立足于語(yǔ)義,也就是說(shuō),是語(yǔ)義從源語(yǔ)到譯語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換,而不是形式。)
這說(shuō)明了翻譯是語(yǔ)義的翻譯,不是語(yǔ)言形式的翻譯,是運(yùn)用另一種語(yǔ)言的適當(dāng)方式來(lái)表達(dá)一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容,而不是在另一種語(yǔ)言中尋找與一種語(yǔ)言中含義相似的某些詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯必須跳出原文語(yǔ)言層面的束縛,必須著眼于傳達(dá)原文的內(nèi)容和意義。
換句話說(shuō),翻譯的基本單位應(yīng)該是語(yǔ)篇,而不是詞語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的觀點(diǎn),語(yǔ)言的實(shí)際使用單位是語(yǔ)篇這樣的言語(yǔ)單位,而不是詞語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)這樣的語(yǔ)法單位。實(shí)際使用的語(yǔ)篇有可能是一個(gè)句子、一個(gè)句段、一個(gè)句群,也有可能是一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)。翻譯作為語(yǔ)言交際的一種形式,其實(shí)質(zhì)是用一種語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)篇材料代替另一種語(yǔ)言與其意義對(duì)等的語(yǔ)篇材料。翻譯是運(yùn)用一種語(yǔ)言把另一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容和意義準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)。
II. 課堂練習(xí)(分別用詞語(yǔ)和形式對(duì)應(yīng)譯法和語(yǔ)義表達(dá)譯法試譯下列句子,并比較翻譯中的感覺(jué)和譯文的效果):
1.It's more a poem than a picture.
2.He drank himself out of the best lines.
3.He pretends to be as modest as anything.
4.Fire goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a draft.
5.The room was easily traced by the noise that was coming from it.
6.Taking care to pitch my voice to politeness, I asked about the next bus to Hattiesburg.
7.If you feel depressed at a social gathering, keep it a secret.
8.The bacteria pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of age.
III. 課堂練習(xí)參考譯文:
1.與其說(shuō)那是一幅畫,不如說(shuō)那是一首詩(shī)。
2.他借酒寫得好詩(shī)句。
3.他裝得極為謙虛。
4.火是無(wú)孔不入的,可是它更愛(ài)竄入通風(fēng)的地方。
5.循聲而去,便輕而易舉地找到了那間屋子。
6.我陪著小心,用溫和的口吻詢問(wèn)開往哈蒂斯堡下一斑車的情況。
7.在社交場(chǎng)合,你就是感到情緒壓抑,也不要表露出來(lái)。
8.患有流感的幼兒和老人可能并發(fā)細(xì)菌性肺炎。
IV. 課外練習(xí)(分別用詞語(yǔ)和形式對(duì)應(yīng)譯法和語(yǔ)義表達(dá)譯法試譯下列句子,并比較翻譯中的感覺(jué)和譯文的效果):
1.He wants a lawyer who understands his case, who sympathizes with him and who has been there himself.
2.World-famous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity.
3.While you are in the act of summoning your energies, focus on a plan. Don't exhaust yourself with fruitless excursions into any and all possibilities.
4.A book may be compared to your neighbor: if it is good, it can not last too long; if bad you can not get rid of it too early.
5.Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check -- a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds".
6.A friend is someone who draws out your own best qualities, with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon.
7.To petrol we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To petrol we owe the possibility of flying.
8.Because of limited insurance coverage, many people will have to look to their own resources -- both emotional and financial -- to care for an infirm or recovering relative at home.
9.During the last six years, 44 of 60 scholarship winners have been the children of foreigners. the talent search, certainly in this decade, is a tribute as much to immigration as to education.
10.The new architectural styles have become powerful image makers overseas. Two stunning arrivals now gracing Hong Kong's crowded skyline -- the privately-owned Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank building and Bank of China's headquarters -- stand as monuments to the rival economic interests, cultures and ideologies that define the city.
瘋狂英語(yǔ) 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法 新概念英語(yǔ) 走遍美國(guó) 四級(jí)聽(tīng)力 英語(yǔ)音標(biāo) 英語(yǔ)入門 發(fā)音 美語(yǔ) 四級(jí) 新東方 七年級(jí) 賴世雄 zero是什么意思上海市解龍小區(qū)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)交流群