英漢翻譯的原理與實(shí)踐

Unit 2

I. 課外練習(xí)參考譯文：

1.他要找一位了解他的案情，同情他的處境，并有過親身經(jīng)歷的人當(dāng)他的律師。

2.他的著作舉世聞名，而他個(gè)人卻一直默默無聞，因?yàn)樗簧冀K避免拋頭露面。

3.在集中精力的過程中，要集中于一種打算;不要同時(shí)涉足各種可能的情況而搞得精疲力竭一事無成。

4.書可以比作鄰居：如果是好的，相處愈久愈好;如果是壞的，分手愈早愈好。

5.美國沒有履行這種神圣的義務(wù)，相反，只是給黑人開了一張空頭支票，上面蓋了“資金不足”的戳子后被退了回來。

6.朋友是能使你表現(xiàn)出自己最佳品質(zhì)的人，和他在一起你就會(huì)精神煥發(fā)，并且變得更具有友誼所要求的種種內(nèi)涵。

7.有了汽油，我們才有了汽車，取代了私人馬車;有了汽油，我們才有可能飛上天空。

8.由于保險(xiǎn)金的支付范圍有限，許多人無論在感情上或經(jīng)濟(jì)上都必須靠自己的力量在家中照料病弱或康復(fù)中的親人。

9.過去六年里，每60名獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金獲得者中就有44名是外來移民的子女。人才獎(jiǎng)的評(píng)選，當(dāng)然是指這十年，不僅為美國教育，也為美國移民增添了光彩。

10.這種種新的建筑風(fēng)格已經(jīng)非常有力地塑造了香港在海外的形象。在擁擠的空中出現(xiàn)了兩幢令人嘆為觀止的新建筑點(diǎn)綴其間，一幢是私營的匯豐銀行大樓，另一幢是中國銀行總部，代表并象征了香港相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益、文化和意識(shí)形態(tài)。

II. 英漢翻譯原理第二講： 什么是好的譯文?

【例7】Public opinion plays a vital and healthy role in the political realm.

×公共輿論在政治領(lǐng)域起著生命力的、健康的作用。

【譯文】輿論在政治領(lǐng)域起著極其重要的、有益的作用。

【例8】I am sure that it would change the situation if you are kind enough to lend support to me.

×我相信如果你有足夠的好心支持我的話，它將會(huì)改變形勢(shì)。

【譯文】我相信如果你非常好心能撐我一把的話，情況就不一樣了。

【例9】Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.

×職業(yè)和工作帶來很大的幸福和滿足，而我們大多數(shù)人并不意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。

【譯文】職業(yè)和工作對(duì)于獲得幸福和滿足起了很大的作用，我們大多數(shù)人對(duì)此卻認(rèn)識(shí)不足。

兩類問題：一類是譯文語義基本符合原文，但漢語表達(dá)有欠正確;另一類是漢語表達(dá)尚有可讀性，但譯文語義不符原文。

目前翻譯界普遍接受的，也是作為一般翻譯學(xué)習(xí)者必須努力掌握的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，簡(jiǎn)而言之是兩條：忠實(shí) (Faithfulness) 和流暢 (Smoothness)。

【例10】For Nat Nakasa the pledge he was required to sign -- to leave his country and never return proved too much; he committed suicide in New York.

×納特•納卡薩不得不發(fā)誓離開祖國，不管情況如何永不返家，并自殺于紐約。

【譯文】對(duì)納特•納卡薩來說，要他簽字保證離開祖國永不返回是難以接受的：他在紐約自殺了。

【例11】In the wake of his mother's death some thirty-six years later, Hemingway turned back to the adventure and tried to write a novel about it.

×在他母親去世36年之后，海明威又想起了那次歷險(xiǎn)奇遇，并試圖寫一部小說。

【譯文】大約36年過后，在他母親去世后的不久海明威又想起了那次遭遇的險(xiǎn)情，并試圖就此寫一部小說。

外語腔是初學(xué)翻譯者不知不覺地會(huì)在漢語譯文中表現(xiàn)出來的一種不當(dāng)傾向。翻譯時(shí)所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容來自外語原文，原文的詞語和結(jié)構(gòu)形式隨著內(nèi)容一起進(jìn)入到我們的大腦，于是原文的語言形式被帶入譯文，造成了譯文的外語腔。

【例12】The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.

×他對(duì)氣候的唯一讓步就是穿了一件白色的短餐衣。

【譯文】氣候變化，他僅稍稍作了一點(diǎn)變通，赴宴時(shí)穿了件白色的短禮服。

【例13】If certain animal psychologists are right, a dog adopts his family in a most literal way -- taking it for granted that the family is the band of dogs he belongs to.

×假如某些動(dòng)物心理學(xué)家的分析正確，狗在很大程度上代表著它的家人 - 理所當(dāng)然這一家也就屬于狗幫了。

【譯文】 假如有些動(dòng)物心理學(xué)家的分析正確，狗對(duì)于他所在家庭的認(rèn)同是非常實(shí)際的--它理所當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為這一家人就是它所歸屬的一群狗。

現(xiàn)代西方著名翻譯理論家Eugene A. Nida 在其理論著述中經(jīng)常談到讀者反應(yīng)的問題。他認(rèn)為，翻譯的服務(wù)對(duì)象是讀者，要評(píng)判譯文質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣，必須看讀者對(duì)譯文的反應(yīng)如何，同時(shí)必須把這種反應(yīng)與原作讀者對(duì)原文可能產(chǎn)生的反應(yīng)進(jìn)行對(duì)比，看兩種反應(yīng)是否基本一致。

除了忠實(shí)和流暢這兩項(xiàng)基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之外，好的譯文還必須保持原文的風(fēng)格，包括民族風(fēng)格、時(shí)代風(fēng)格、語體風(fēng)格、作者個(gè)人的語言風(fēng)格等。文藝作品的翻譯尤其要求這樣做。譯者不能破壞或改變?cè)牡娘L(fēng)格，不能以譯者的風(fēng)格代替原作的風(fēng)格。

III. 課堂練習(xí)(努力按照忠實(shí)原文和譯文流暢兩項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，把下列句子譯成漢語)：

1.She couldn't have come at a better time.

2.She has been a widow only six months.

3.I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.

4.The Macedonian argument has a Greek dimension too.

5.The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.

6.From a physical standpoint, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths.

7.But the next century we'll be able to alter our DNA radically, encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms.

8.As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting others for who they are -- instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not.

IV. 課堂練習(xí)參考譯文：

1.她來得正是時(shí)候。

2.她的丈夫去世至今不過半年。

3.我認(rèn)為那篇講話口氣強(qiáng)硬，大可不必。

4.馬其頓之爭(zhēng)同希臘也有關(guān)系。

5.英國人同其他民族一樣，也有豐富的感情。

6.從物理學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)來看，不同的波長(zhǎng)有多少種，顏色就有多少種。

7.但下個(gè)世紀(jì)我們將能根本改變DNA，能在構(gòu)建新的生命時(shí)把我們的種種想象、種種出于虛榮的要求，都編入遺傳密碼。

8.作為人，我們應(yīng)該不問他人的身份如何都尊重他們，從而顯示出自己高超的智慧和道德，而不要因?yàn)樗麄儧]有某種身份或地位而去卑視他們。

V. 課外練習(xí)(努力按照忠實(shí)原文和譯文流暢兩項(xiàng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，把下列短文譯成漢語)：

I first took up walking as a means of escape. After a busy morning in my office, I found it refreshing to take a stroll at lunchtime, to breathe the fresh air and feel the sun. Another walk in the cold night air was, I discovered, an exhilarating way to unwind.

I'll never forget the feeling I got one winter night as I walked the deserted streets after many grueling hours at the hospital. I suddenly realized that I no longer felt tense or tired. All the worries about my patients' illnesses, as well as my own personal cares, seemed to evaporate as quickly as the smoky vapor of my breath in the frosty night. As I incorporated walking into my schedule, not only were my spirits lifted, but my weight and blood pressure were gradually reduced. I began reviewing the medical literature on walking. From this research, and my clinical observations as a family physician, I found that it is possible to walk your way to better health, a trimmer body and a longer life -- no matter what your age.

Walking -- like swimming, bicycling and running -- is an aerobic exercise which builds the capacity for energy output and physical endurance by increasing the supply of oxygen to skin and muscles. Such exercise may be a primary factor in the prevention of heart and circulatory disease.

As probably the least strenuous, safest aerobic activity, walking is the most acceptable exercise for the greatest number of people. Walking at comfortable speed improves the efficiency of the cardio-respiratory system by stimulating the lungs and heart, but at a more gradual rate than most other forms of exercise. (279 words)