英漢翻譯的原理與實(shí)踐unit14

Unit 14

I、課外練習(xí)參考譯文：

詞典中能查詞，這可以追溯到一位名叫諾•韋伯斯特的人。他編纂了第一本美國英語詞典。

諾•韋伯斯特1758年出生于康涅狄格州的西哈特福德，他一生熱愛詞語。韋伯斯特曾就讀于耶魯大學(xué)，后來當(dāng)了教師，又從事寫作。

1782年韋伯斯特在紐約州的戈申教小學(xué)。他發(fā)現(xiàn)教學(xué)使用的課本中缺了點(diǎn)什么，而他覺得這又十分重要。韋伯斯特教學(xué)中使用的課本來自英國。這些課本用于英國兒童的教學(xué)不失為好教材，但沒有考慮美國文化。要知道當(dāng)時(shí)美國剛從英國贏得獨(dú)立，美國人仍然用英國人的方法教育孩子。韋伯斯特想對學(xué)生進(jìn)行具有濃厚美國特色的教育。

為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一想法，他在1783年出版了一本學(xué)生拼寫用書，書的全名叫《美式拼寫課本》。這本拼寫入門當(dāng)時(shí)很受歡迎，幾年間銷售了一億多冊，直到20世紀(jì)還銷售了好多年。

出了這本拼寫課本以后，韋伯斯特萌發(fā)了編寫美國詞語用法詞典的念頭。韋伯斯特在1806年出版了第一本詞典，名叫《英語簡明詞典》。韋伯斯特想用這本詞典幫助確定美國英語的拼寫規(guī)則，詞典中收錄了大約一千個(gè)詞語。

韋伯斯特在編寫第一本詞典的過程中就在醞釀編寫一部更加宏大的詞典。1807年他著手編纂《美國英語詞典》。這部重要著作的第一版在1928年出版時(shí)，韋伯斯特已經(jīng)70高齡了。

II、英漢翻譯基本原理第五講：有哪些常用的翻譯技巧?(續(xù))

三、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的譯法：

(二)譯成漢語被動(dòng)句：

1、借助“被(…)+ 動(dòng)詞”、“給(…)+ 動(dòng)詞”或“由(以)…+ 動(dòng)詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)

【例141】 His passport was confiscated by the police.

【譯文】 他的護(hù)照被警方?jīng)]收了。

【例142】 Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.

【譯文】 我們隨時(shí)都會被出入機(jī)場的敵機(jī)發(fā)現(xiàn)。

【例143】 Black people were first brought to America from Africa as slaves.

【譯文】 黑人最初是被當(dāng)作奴隸從非洲販運(yùn)到美國的。

【例144】 The dishes were all removed before I had finished eating.

【譯文】 我還沒有吃完盤子就都給收掉了。

【例145】 The teacher was sacked for slapping a schoolboy.

【譯文】 那位教師因?yàn)榇蛄艘幻猩饨o解雇了。

【例146】 The spaceship will be totally controlled by an on-board electronic computer.

【譯文】 這艘宇宙飛船將完全由機(jī)載電子計(jì)算機(jī)控制。

【例147】 Our future is built, bit by bit, minute by minute, by the actions of human beings.

【譯文】 我們的未來世界是由人類一點(diǎn)一滴地、一分一秒地創(chuàng)造出來的。

【例148】 Members of Congress, the President, state officials, and those who govern counties and cities, are elected by popular vote. Heads of federal departments are named by the President, and judges are either elected directly by the people or are appointed by elected officials.

【譯文】 國會議員、總統(tǒng)、州政府官員以及縣長、市長均由民眾投票選舉。聯(lián)邦政府各部部長由總統(tǒng)任命，法官由人民直接選舉，或由當(dāng)選官員任命。

2、借助“為…所 + 動(dòng)詞”或“是…(所)+ 動(dòng)詞 + 的”的結(jié)構(gòu)

【例149】 The late 1960's was a period of revolt against traditional values. Parents' ideas were scorned by their children, who accused them of being too concerned with money.

【譯文】 20世紀(jì)60年代后期是對傳統(tǒng)觀念造反的年代。父母的想法為孩子們所不齒;孩子們指責(zé)他們過于看重金錢。

【例150】 These very elements and compounds are needed to continue life, and nature is fairly efficient in recycling them.

【譯文】 這些元素和化合物正是生命延續(xù)所需要的，而大自然能夠相當(dāng)有效地將其循環(huán)利用。

【例151】 Each transaction is carried out in public, and the information sent electronically to every brokerage office of the nation.

【譯文】 每筆交易都是公開進(jìn)行的，并通過電子設(shè)備把交易資料發(fā)往全國各地的每一家經(jīng)紀(jì)人事務(wù)所。

3、借助“得到…+ 名詞”、“受(遭)到…+ 名詞”或“予(加)以…+ 名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)

【例152】 This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the earth's surface is curved.

【譯文】 只有假設(shè)地球表明呈曲線狀，這一現(xiàn)象才能得到解釋。

【例153】 People are also troubled because of the participative mood that exists today. This participative phenomenon can be seen in every part of contemporary life.

【譯文】 人們受到困擾的另一個(gè)原因是當(dāng)今存在的參與情緒。這種積極參與現(xiàn)象在現(xiàn)代生活中到處可見。

【例154】 The area will have to be protected from too frequent, or too intense, or too careless visiting.

【譯文】 這一地區(qū)一定要加以保護(hù)，不允許過于頻繁、過于集中或過于隨便地參觀訪問。

四、長句的翻譯

(一)英漢語句的結(jié)構(gòu)差異

【例155】 The principal of a great Philadelphia high school is driven to cry for help (1) in combating the notion (2) that it is undemocratic (3) to run a special program of studies for outstanding boys and girls (4).

【譯文】 費(fèi)城的一所名牌中學(xué)為一些出類拔萃的男女學(xué)生開設(shè)一套特別課程(4)，有人認(rèn)為這種做法不民主(3)，結(jié)果校長不得不大聲疾呼求助人們(1)同這種觀念作斗爭(2)。

【例156】 It was an old woman(1), tall and shapely still(2), though withered by time(3), on whom his eyes fell(4)when he stopped and turned(5).

【譯文】 他站住，轉(zhuǎn)過身來(5)，定睛一看(4)，是個(gè)年邁婦女(1)，個(gè)子很高，依然一副好身材(2)，雖然受歲月折磨而顯得憔悴(3)。

III、課堂練習(xí)(運(yùn)用各種翻譯技巧，將下列句子譯成流暢通順的漢語)：

1.They were given a hearty welcome.

2.She was arrested for shoplifting but was released on bail.

3.Most letters from his wife are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.

4.We found him in a small, businesslike office and the office was protected by some iron bars.

5.Los Angeles is full of beautiful girls working as waitresses, hoping to be discovered by a movie agent.

6.Perhaps the most important aspect of science fiction's role in the modern world is best summed up in a single word: change.

7.Ticket and reservation counters, as well as the future passenger space shuttles, most likely will be located at several airports around the world.

8.Individual rights and freedom are assured in the Constitution and are listed in the first 10 amendments called "the Bill of Rights", which were added in 1791.

IV、課堂練習(xí)參考譯文：

1.他們受到了熱烈的歡迎。

2.她因偷竊店鋪商品被捕，但后來得到保釋。

3.他妻子給他的信件大多數(shù)是由醫(yī)院里的護(hù)士念給他聽的。

4.我們在一間井井有條的小辦公室里見到了他，辦公室裝有防護(hù)鐵柵欄。

5.落杉磯到處都是當(dāng)女招待的漂亮姑娘，她們盼著有制片代理人來發(fā)現(xiàn)她們。

6.科幻小說在現(xiàn)代社會中最重要的作用也許可以用一句話來貼切地加以概括：揭示變化。

7.未來的航天客機(jī)以及航天客機(jī)的售票訂票處都很可能設(shè)在世界各地的一些機(jī)場內(nèi)。

8.個(gè)人的權(quán)利和自由在憲法中得到保障，并載入1971年增補(bǔ)的最初10項(xiàng)修正案，統(tǒng)稱“人權(quán)法案”。

V、課外練習(xí)(將以下短文譯成漢語，注意運(yùn)用各種翻譯技巧時(shí)譯文流暢通順)：

Transplant surgeons work miracles. They take organs from one body and integrate them into another, granting the lucky recipient a longer, better life. Sadly, every year thousands of other people are less fortunate, dying while they wait for suitable organs to be found. The terrible constraint on organ transplantation is that every life extended depends on the death of someone young enough and healthy enough to have organs worth transplanting. Such donors are few. The waiting lists are long, and getting longer.

Freedom from this constraint is the dream of every transplant surgeon. So far attempts to make artificial organs have been disappointing: nature is hard to mimic. Hence the renewed interest in trying to use organs from animals.

Doctors in India have just announced that they have successfully transplanted a heart from a pig into a person. Pressure to increase the number of such xenotransplants(異種器官移植)seems to be growing. In Europe and America, herds of pigs are being specially bred and genetically engineered for organ donation. During 1996 at least two big reports on the subject -- one in Europe and one in America -- were published. They agreed that xenotransplants were permissible on ethical grounds. and cautiously recommended that they be allowed. America's Food and Drug Administration has already published draft guidelines for xenotransplantation.

The ethics of xenotransplantation are relatively unworrying. People already kill pigs both for food and for sport; killing them to save a human life seems, if anything, easier to justify. However, the science of xenotransplantation is much less straightforward. (264 words)