英漢翻譯的原理與實(shí)踐unit15

Unit 15

I、課外練習(xí)參考譯文：

器官移植醫(yī)生身手不凡。他們從一人體內(nèi)取出器官移植到另一人體內(nèi)，讓幸運(yùn)的器官接受者延長(zhǎng)壽命改善生活。可惜的是，每年還有成千上萬(wàn)的人卻沒(méi)有那么幸運(yùn)，他們等不及找到合適的器官就死去了。器官移植的最大制約是，每延長(zhǎng)一個(gè)人的生命一定要有另一個(gè)人的死亡，而且這個(gè)人必須年青健康其器官具有移植價(jià)值。這樣的器官供體很少，而等待移植的人數(shù)卻很多，而且越來(lái)越多。

解除這種制約是每個(gè)器官移植醫(yī)生的希望。迄今為止，制作人造器官的種種努力結(jié)果不盡人意，因?yàn)樘斓亻g萬(wàn)物很難仿造。于是，人們又對(duì)設(shè)法利用動(dòng)物器官產(chǎn)生了興趣。

印度的醫(yī)生剛宣布一條消息，他們把豬的心臟移植于人體已經(jīng)取得成功?？磥?lái)人們?cè)絹?lái)越迫切要求增加這種異體器官的移植。歐洲和美國(guó)正在專(zhuān)門(mén)培育大批的豬經(jīng)遺傳工程處理后用于提供器官。1996年這一課題至少發(fā)表了兩篇重要報(bào)告，一篇在歐洲，一篇在美國(guó)。兩篇報(bào)告一致認(rèn)為異種器官移植在倫理上是可行的，并審慎地建議應(yīng)準(zhǔn)予施行。美國(guó)的食品和藥物管理局已經(jīng)公布了異種器官移植的管理原則草案。

異種器官移植的倫理問(wèn)題相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)不用操心。人們?yōu)榱耸秤煤蛫蕵?lè)已經(jīng)在殺豬了，看來(lái)殺諸為了救人一命怎么說(shuō)也更容易證明是合情合理的。然而，異種器官移植科學(xué)遠(yuǎn)非如此簡(jiǎn)單。

II、英漢翻譯基本原理第五講：有哪些常用的翻譯技巧?(續(xù))

(二)長(zhǎng)句翻譯的操作方法：

1、理順原句內(nèi)部關(guān)系，理出句中包含的各語(yǔ)義點(diǎn)

【例157】 The fact that the average Englishman's home has become his workshop is partly because he is keen on working with his hands and partly because he feels, for one reason or another that he must do for himself many household jobs for which, some years ago, he would have hired professional help.

【譯文】 普通英國(guó)人的家已經(jīng)成了自家的工場(chǎng)，一方面是因?yàn)樗麩嶂杂谧约簞?dòng)手干，另一方面是因?yàn)槌鲇谀撤N原因，他覺(jué)得許多家務(wù)活必須自己干，而這些活在幾年前他會(huì)雇專(zhuān)人來(lái)干的。

【例158】 I wondered (1)how she would feel(2)if she learned that the Negro(3)before whom she had behaved in such an unladylike manner(4)was habitually a white man(3).

【譯文】 我心中思襯(1)，在一個(gè)黑人面前表現(xiàn)得如此有失女士風(fēng)度(4)，倘若得知這個(gè)黑人其實(shí)是白人時(shí)(3)，不知她作何感想(2)。

2、將整理出的各語(yǔ)義點(diǎn)按漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣重新排列。

【例159】 American schools, both public and private, consist of 12 years of grades(1)-- basically 8 years of elementary school and 4 years of secondary or high school(2), although grades 7 and 8, or 7, 8 and 9 may be housed together in a middle school or junior high school(3).

【譯文】 美國(guó)的公立學(xué)校和私立學(xué)校都是由12個(gè)年級(jí)組成的(1)，基本上是8年小學(xué)加4年中學(xué)(2)，雖然7、8兩個(gè)年級(jí)或7、8、9三個(gè)年級(jí)有可能都在初級(jí)中學(xué)里就讀(3)。

【例160】 It would take me an entire book to list(1)all of the people I have known in my life who spent the majority of their lives as single people(2), but who were the undisputed focus of a large group of friends(3)-- usually serving as problem-solvers, and widely respected and loved(4).

【譯文】 我畢生認(rèn)識(shí)了許多人，他們一生中大部分時(shí)間都是單身(2)，但在朋友群中卻無(wú)可非議地是個(gè)核心人物(3)。他們經(jīng)常幫人解決問(wèn)題，廣受尊敬，廣受愛(ài)戴(4)。要把這些人的姓名一一列出的話(huà)，恐怕要寫(xiě)一本書(shū)(1)。

【例161】 Its beginning obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slowdown(1), the new technological unemployment(2)may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century(3).

【譯文】 新技術(shù)出現(xiàn)帶來(lái)的失業(yè)問(wèn)題(2)，盡管起初被全球性經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退所引起的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象所掩蓋(1)，但有可能成為20世紀(jì)末社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的重大難題(3)。

【例162】 He had flown in just the day before from Georgia,(1)where he had spent his vacation(2)basking in the sun(3)after the completion of the construction job(4)he had been engaged in in the South(5).

【譯文】 他本來(lái)在南方從事一項(xiàng)建筑工程(5)，任務(wù)完成之后(4)，他就上佐治亞去度假(2)，享受著陽(yáng)光(3)，前天才坐飛機(jī)回來(lái)(1)。

【例163】 When the "energy crisis" first came in 1973 - 1974(1), I was living with my family in a cabin on the edge of an area(2)where deer spend the winter(3) in northern Minnesota(2), observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winter progressed(4), followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted(5).

【譯文】 1973-1974年間第一次出現(xiàn)“能源危機(jī)”的時(shí)候(1)，我正和家人住在明尼蘇達(dá)北部一處鹿群過(guò)冬的邊緣地帶。我們住在一個(gè)小屋里(2)(3)，觀察鹿的生活習(xí)性，觀察它們?nèi)绾坞S著冬季來(lái)臨從夏秋的活動(dòng)頻繁變得少動(dòng)的(4)，而到春暖雪融時(shí)，它們的活動(dòng)又是如何增加起來(lái)的(5)。

3、依照重新排列的語(yǔ)義點(diǎn)順序用漢語(yǔ)逐點(diǎn)表達(dá)

【例164】 Now there is in America a curious combination(1)of pride in having risen to a position where it is no longer necessary to depend on manual labor for a living(2)and genuine delight in what one is able to accomplish with one's own hands(3).

【譯文】 現(xiàn)在美國(guó)有一個(gè)奇怪的現(xiàn)象：人們一方面為地位上升不再需要靠體力勞動(dòng)謀生而感到自豪，另一方面又對(duì)能夠親自動(dòng)手做事而由衷地感到高興。

【例165】 One of the most heartwarming aspects(1)of people who are born with a facial disfigurement(2), whether minor or major(3), is the number of them(1) who do not allow it to upset their lives(4), even reaching out to help others with the same problem(5).

【譯文】 有些人生來(lái)面部就有殘缺(2)，殘缺有大有小(3)，但令人欣慰的是這些人中很多人(1)并沒(méi)有因此而生活得不愉快(4)，相反，他們倒去主動(dòng)幫助其他有同樣問(wèn)題的人(5)。

【例166】 Students in these state schools, however, as well as those in private colleges, must pay tuition(1), but the state schools are much less expensive than private ones(2), particularly for students who are residents of the state(3).

【譯文】 但是，這些州立學(xué)校的學(xué)生以及私立學(xué)院的學(xué)生都須繳納學(xué)費(fèi)(1)，不過(guò)州立學(xué)校的學(xué)費(fèi)比私立學(xué)校的學(xué)費(fèi)便宜得多(2)，對(duì)常住本州的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)尤為便宜(3)。

【例167】 From the corner of my eye, I saw Phil, pale, slack-jawed, eyes wide with amazement and adoration combined. We listened to Jenny finish the sonnet, which was in its way a kind of prayer.

【譯文】 我從眼角里瞅見(jiàn)菲爾，他臉色蒼白，半張著嘴，眼睛瞪得大大的，又是驚訝又是崇敬。我們聽(tīng)著詹尼念完詩(shī)，那簡(jiǎn)直就是一篇極有特色的祈禱詞。

【例168】 They went in to dinner. It was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them. They talked not only without acrimony, but even with friendliness.

【譯文】 他們走進(jìn)餐廳去吃飯。美酒加佳肴。喝著酒，吃著菜，氣氛頓時(shí)起了變化。不僅沒(méi)有惡言相向，言語(yǔ)間還十分投機(jī)。

III、課堂練習(xí)(運(yùn)用各種翻譯技巧，將下列句子譯成流暢通順的漢語(yǔ))：

1.I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.

2.In a nation too young to have mythic heroes, men and women must substitute.

3.If you are retired, if you are a housewife, if you have what others might consider a humble job -- whatever it is that you do most of the day -- be proud of it.

4.Rushing throngs, blinded by the darkness and the smoke, rushed up on a street and down the next, trampling the fallen in a crazy fruitless dash toward safely.

5.In order to retain Chinese managers, joint ventures also must devise human resource policies that are sensitive to the ways in which Chinese employees differ from those in the West.

6.Engels spoke with the authority and confidence, born of forty years' closest friendship and intellectual intimacy, during which he had grasped, as no other man had, the full significance of Marx's teachings.

7.I take heart from the fact that, the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.

8.If you're stuck with someone and feeling tongue-tied, console yourself by remembering that the other person may be feeling as agonized as you. Summon up a burst of energy, and find something on which to compliment him or her.

IV、課堂練習(xí)參考譯文：

1.我希望這次會(huì)議不要開(kāi)得太久，那樣會(huì)浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。

2.這樣一個(gè)年青的民族不可能有神話(huà)中的英雄，于是必然有真實(shí)的男女人物來(lái)取而代之。

3.你已經(jīng)退休也好，你是家庭婦女也好，或者你干的工作別人瞧不起也好 - 不管你整天在干什么，都要因此而自豪。

4.人群在黑暗和濃煙中盲目狂奔，穿街過(guò)巷，踩著倒在地上的身軀，驚惶失措地往安全的地方?jīng)_去，結(jié)果卻是徒勞。

5.為了留住中國(guó)本地管理人員，合資企業(yè)還必須制定適應(yīng)中國(guó)雇員與西方雇員之間種種差異的人力資源政策。

6.四十年最親密的友誼和思想契合賦予了恩格斯說(shuō)這番話(huà)的資格和信心。經(jīng)過(guò)這四十年，他對(duì)馬克思學(xué)說(shuō)意義的了解比任何人都徹底。

8.敵人吹噓能在幾小時(shí)內(nèi)占領(lǐng)戰(zhàn)略要地，由于遭到了頑強(qiáng)的抵抗，甚至連外圍地帶也沒(méi)有占領(lǐng)，這讓我增強(qiáng)了信心。

9.倘若和別人無(wú)言以對(duì)面面相覷時(shí)，無(wú)須煩惱，切記對(duì)方或許跟你一樣心里感到不好受。你要打起精神來(lái)，找些好聽(tīng)的話(huà)向?qū)Ψ秸f(shuō)說(shuō)。

V、課外練習(xí)(將以下短文譯成漢語(yǔ)，注意運(yùn)用各種翻譯技巧時(shí)譯文流暢通順)：

Watching them hop on the presidential merry-go-round again makes you wonder what makes them run. After all, they didn't have a very merry ride the last time -- but the older they get, the harder they try.

One explanation is that presidential ambition is an addiction as powerful as sex or booze. Once they have gone through all those howling halls, with their banners and adoring supporters -- their pictures on the front page and on the evening TV news -- they dream about it in the night.

Memory, as time goes on, is a selective thing. Somehow they forget all the agony -- the demeaning scramble for money, the vicious charges of their opponents, the unfeeling and often frivolous criticism of the press, and the endless plane and bus rides, the stumbling into bed and wondering how they can get through it all again next day.

What they remember is not the final thump of defeat, but the might-have-beens, the fleeting glory and the accidents of politics.

Many run for the presidency who shouldn't, and many others don't run who should. What they do or don't do usually depends on events beyond their control. But there are probably other reasons why they run or don't run, one of which is that sometimes they listen to their wives. Even in these days, when divorce is so easy and family ties are supposed to be weak, it would probably be a mistake to underestimate the influence of families on presidential politics. Many qualified and attractive candidates don't come forward simply because they put their private lives ahead of their ambitions, and don't want to put themselves and their families through the savage political process. (285 words)

V、課外練習(xí)參考譯文：

看著那些人跳上了總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選的歡樂(lè)轉(zhuǎn)木馬，人們不禁又要問(wèn)：究竟是什么原因促使他們前來(lái)競(jìng)選的。畢竟前一次騎歡樂(lè)轉(zhuǎn)木馬騎得并不怎么歡樂(lè)--可是他們偏偏年齡越大，想試的勁頭也越大。

一種解釋是覬覦總統(tǒng)寶座會(huì)讓人上癮，且癮頭之大不亞于酒色。那彩旗繽紛、眾人追隨、呼聲雷動(dòng)的大廳，那報(bào)紙頭版、晚間電視新聞上的相片--他們一旦領(lǐng)略了這一切，就會(huì)夜里夢(mèng)寐以求。

記憶是有選擇的。隨著時(shí)光流逝，他們的一切苦惱總會(huì)忘卻--為籌集資金不顧廉恥的你爭(zhēng)我?jiàn)Z、競(jìng)選對(duì)手的惡言相向，報(bào)紙上吹毛求疵的無(wú)情批評(píng)、還有無(wú)休無(wú)止的飛機(jī)汽車(chē)來(lái)回奔波，到了晚上跌跌撞撞地一頭倒在床上，還要擔(dān)心第二天如何應(yīng)付所有這一切的重演。

他們記得的不是最后失敗的沉重打擊，而是那想入非非的憧憬，那瞬間即逝的榮耀，那難以逆料的政治機(jī)遇。 許多本來(lái)不該前來(lái)競(jìng)選總統(tǒng)的人偏偏來(lái)了，而其他許多本來(lái)應(yīng)該前來(lái)的卻偏偏沒(méi)來(lái)。他們的為與不為通常取決于他們無(wú)法控制的事態(tài)。但是，他們參與競(jìng)選與否可能還有別的原因，其中一條就是他們有時(shí)還得對(duì)夫人言聽(tīng)計(jì)從。即使在今天，家庭關(guān)系通常十分脆弱，離婚已成家常便飯，如果低估家庭在總統(tǒng)政治中的影響也許還是一種錯(cuò)誤。許多具有充分資格和魅力的人不來(lái)參加競(jìng)選，其原因就是他們把個(gè)人生活看得重于事業(yè)的追求，不愿意讓自己和家人卷入狂暴的政治風(fēng)浪.