美國人的低質(zhì)量飲食報告

研究警告，美國人吃太多低質(zhì)量的碳水化合物和飽和脂肪

Americans’ diets are a little less sweet and a little crunchier but there’s still too much sugar, white bread and artery-clogging fat, a study suggests.

一項研究表明，美國人的飲食不那么甜，也不那么脆，但仍然有太多的糖、白面包和阻塞動脈的脂肪。

Overall, the authors estimated there was a modest improvement over 16 years on the government’s healthy eating index, from estimated scores of 56 to 58. That’s hardly cause for celebration — 100 is the top score.

總的來說，作者估計在過去的16年里，政府的健康飲食指數(shù)從估計的56分到58分，有了適度的改善。這不是慶祝的理由-因為最高分是100分。

Diets are still too heavy on foods that can contribute to heart disease, diabetes, obesity and other prevalent US health problems, said co-author Fang Fang Zhang, a nutrition researcher at Tufts University near Boston.

波士頓附近塔夫茨大學(xué)(tufts university)營養(yǎng)研究員、合著者張方芳(fang fang zhang)說，飲食結(jié)構(gòu)仍然過于偏重可能導(dǎo)致心臟病、糖尿病、肥胖和其他普遍存在的美國健康問題的食物。

The study was published Tuesday in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The results are from an analysis of US government health surveys from 1999 to 2016 involving nearly 44,000 adults.

這項研究發(fā)表在周二的《美國醫(yī)學(xué)會雜志》上。這一結(jié)果來自1999年至2016年美國政府對近4.4萬名成年人進行的健康調(diào)查分析。

“Despite observed improvements,” the authors wrote, “important dietary challenges” remain.

“盡管觀察到了改善，”作者寫道，“重要的飲食挑戰(zhàn)”仍然存在。

Among them: Getting Americans to cut down on snack foods, hot dogs, fatty beef, butter and other foods containing saturated fats. The study found these unhealthy fats increased from 11.5 percent to almost 12 percent of daily calories, above the recommended 10 percent limit.

其中包括：讓美國人減少零食、熱狗、高脂肪牛肉、黃油和其他含有飽和脂肪的食物。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些不健康的脂肪從每日卡路里的11.5%增加到近12%，超過了推薦的10%的上限。

And while the biggest change was a small drop in added sugars, from about 16 percent to roughly 14 percent, that’s still too high. The government says less than 10 percent of daily calories should come from added sugars. Researchers think fewer sweetened sodas contributed to the decline, but Zhang noted added sugars are often found in foods that don’t even seem sweet, including some yogurts and tomato sauce.

雖然最大的變化是添加糖的比例從16%小幅下降到14%，但仍然過高。政府說，每天應(yīng)該有不到10%的熱量來自添加糖。研究人員認為，含糖汽水的減少是導(dǎo)致這一趨勢的原因之一，但張指出，添加糖通常存在于一些看起來并不甜的食物中，包括一些酸奶和番茄醬。

Fruits, nuts, oatmeal and other whole grains are among the types of foods adults ate slightly more of. Still, each of those contributed to less than 5 percent of daily calories in 2016, the study found.

水果、堅果、燕麥片和其他全谷類食物是成年人吃得稍微多一些的食物。不過，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些食物在2016年的每日卡路里貢獻率都不到5%。

Salt intake dipped slightly and a small decline in fruit juice contributed to a drop in low-quality carbs. But these still amount to 42 percent of daily calories, including many likely from highly processed white bread and other refined grains, Zhang said.

鹽的攝入量略有下降，果汁的少量減少導(dǎo)致了低質(zhì)量碳水化合物的減少。但這些熱量仍占每日熱量的42%，其中許多可能來自高度加工的白面包和其他精制谷物。

The study is based on in-person health surveys conducted every two years that ask adults to recall what foods they ate in the previous 24 hours. Starting in 2003, adults were asked that question twice several days apart.

這項研究是基于每兩年進行一次的親身健康調(diào)查，要求成年人回憶他們在過去24小時里吃了什么食物。從2003年開始，成年人每隔幾天被問兩次這個問題。

The study lists food groups rather than individual foods; for example “whole grains,” not oatmeal and “refined grains,” not white bread but Zhang said those two foods are among the most common grains in the US diet.

這項研究列出了食物類別，而不是單獨的食物;例如“全谷物”，而不是燕麥片和“精制谷物”，不是白面包，但張教授表示，這兩種食物是美國飲食中最常見的谷物。

US dietary guidelines recommend a “healthy eating pattern” to reduce chances of developing chronic disease. The focus should be on nutrient-dense foods including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy products; plus varied proteins sources including seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs nuts and seeds, the recommendations say.

美國的飲食指南推薦一種“健康的飲食模式”來減少患慢性病的幾率。重點應(yīng)放在營養(yǎng)豐富的食物，包括蔬菜、水果、全谷物、低脂乳制品;此外，建議還應(yīng)補充多種蛋白質(zhì)來源，包括海鮮、瘦肉和家禽、蛋類、堅果和種子。

During the study years, US diabetes rates almost doubled, to more than 7 percent; obesity rates increased during many of those years, with about 70 percent of US adults now overweight or obese. Heart disease remains the leading cause of death.

在這項研究中，美國的糖尿病發(fā)病率幾乎翻了一番，達到7%以上;在這些年中，肥胖率不斷上升，約70%的美國成年人現(xiàn)在超重或肥胖。心臟病仍然是導(dǎo)致死亡的主要原因。