關(guān)于美英法空襲敘利亞，你需要了解的七大問(wèn)題

LONDON — The United States, in coordination with France and Britain, carried out a series of predawn airstrikes on Saturday in Syria in response to what it said was a chemical weapons attack this month in the rebel-held Damascus suburb of Douma.

倫敦——周六，美國(guó)聯(lián)同法國(guó)和英國(guó)，在黎明前對(duì)敘利亞進(jìn)行了一連串空中打擊，以回應(yīng)本月在大馬士革郊區(qū)杜馬發(fā)生的所謂化學(xué)武器襲擊事件，那里是反對(duì)派的地盤。

The strikes were the latest development in a long-running and complex conflict with consequences far beyond Syria itself — including in the United States, Iran, Russia and other parts of Europe.

這次空襲是一場(chǎng)曠日持久的復(fù)雜沖突之最新進(jìn)展，其后果遠(yuǎn)超敘利亞本身——還會(huì)將美國(guó)、伊朗、俄羅斯和歐洲其他地區(qū)包括在內(nèi)。

Here are seven takeaways from the airstrikes and their aftermath:

以下是本次空襲及其后果的七個(gè)要點(diǎn)：

The strikes were intense, limited.

本次襲擊是猛烈的、有限度的。

The United States and its allies tried to walk a fine line with the airstrikes, sending a strong message to President Bashar Assad of Syria without provoking a military response from Russia and Iran, Assad’s two strongest allies.

美國(guó)及其盟友小心把握本次空襲的分寸，既要向敘利亞總統(tǒng)巴沙爾·阿薩德(Bashar al-Assad)發(fā)出強(qiáng)有力的信息，又不能激起阿薩德最強(qiáng)大的兩位盟友——俄羅斯和伊朗的軍事反擊。

The operation on Saturday was more powerful than an airstrike ordered by President Donald Trump last year — this time there were three targets, rather than one, requiring twice as many weapons. But it was limited to one night, at least for the moment; was specifically aimed at chemical weapons facilities’ and steered clear of Russian soldiers and bases.

與唐納德·特朗普總統(tǒng)去年下令發(fā)動(dòng)的那次空襲相比，周六的行動(dòng)更加有力——這一次，目標(biāo)不是一個(gè)，而是三個(gè)，需要的武器達(dá)兩倍之多。但只局限于一晚——至少目前如此;并且專門針對(duì)化武設(shè)施，避開(kāi)了俄羅斯的士兵和軍事基地。

“Right now this is a one-time shot, and I believe it has sent a very strong message to dissuade him, to deter him from doing it again,” Defense Secretary Jim Mattis said of Assad, although Trump suggested there might be more to come. “We are prepared to sustain this response,” he said, until Syria abandons its use of chemical weapons.

“目前這是一次性打擊，我相信它已經(jīng)傳遞了十分強(qiáng)硬的信息來(lái)阻止他，防止他再這么做，”國(guó)防部長(zhǎng)吉姆·馬蒂斯(Jim Mattis)在談到阿薩德時(shí)說(shuō)道，盡管特朗普表示可能還會(huì)有更多行動(dòng)。“我們準(zhǔn)備維持這一反應(yīng)，”他說(shuō)，直到敘利亞放棄使用化學(xué)武器。

The U.S. chose not to wait.

美國(guó)選擇不再等待。

The United States and its allies went ahead with the airstrikes in the face of several developments that suggested they could be delayed.

盡管一些事態(tài)發(fā)展表明可以推遲打擊行動(dòng)，美國(guó)及其盟友還是繼續(xù)實(shí)施了空襲。

Inspectors from the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons arrived in Damascus, Syria, on Saturday to investigate the attack in Douma, the group said in a post on Twitter.

禁止化學(xué)武器組織(Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons)在Twitter上表示，該組織的檢查人員已在周六抵達(dá)敘利亞大馬士革，對(duì)本次發(fā)生在杜馬的襲擊展開(kāi)調(diào)查。

Mattis was working to slow the move toward a military response, concerned that a missile strike could spark a wider conflict between Russia, Iran and the West.

馬蒂斯曾努力減緩軍事回應(yīng)的進(jìn)程，擔(dān)心導(dǎo)彈襲擊將引發(fā)俄羅斯、伊朗和西方之間更大范圍的沖突。

And Trump sent mixed signals about timing. On Wednesday, he warned Russia on Twitter that missiles “will be coming, nice and new and ‘smart!'” But the next day, he added: “Never said when an attack on Syria would take place. Could be very soon or not so soon at all!”

而關(guān)于時(shí)機(jī)，特朗普發(fā)出了混亂信號(hào)。周三，他在Twitter上警告俄羅斯，稱導(dǎo)彈“會(huì)來(lái)的，又好又新又智能”。但第二天，他又說(shuō)：“從沒(méi)說(shuō)過(guò)什么時(shí)候會(huì)對(duì)敘利亞發(fā)動(dòng)襲擊?？赡芎芸?，也可能不是很快!”

At a news conference Saturday morning, Prime Minister Theresa May of Britain said that the strikes had been “the right thing to do,” in part for the “operational security” of those carrying them out.

英國(guó)首相特麗莎·梅(Theresa May)在周六上午的新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上表示，本次襲擊是“一件正確的事”，部分是出于確保襲擊執(zhí)行者的“行動(dòng)安全”。

Assad absorbed another blow.

阿薩德再受打擊。

The airstrikes sent an unambiguous message to Assad, and it was not clear that it would change his thinking. He remained firmly in power thanks to the support of Russia and Iran.

本次空襲向阿薩德傳遞了明確信息，但是否會(huì)改變他的想法目前尚不清楚。由于有著俄羅斯和伊朗的支持，他仍然權(quán)力穩(wěn)固。

Assad has essentially been under siege since the Syrian civil war began more than seven years ago. In that time, he has dealt with the war, airstrikes, sanctions, Islamic State militants, a variety of rebel groups and a crumbling economy.

自敘利亞內(nèi)戰(zhàn)于七年多前開(kāi)始以來(lái)，阿薩德基本上一直深陷困境。在這段時(shí)間里，他應(yīng)對(duì)過(guò)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、空襲、制裁、伊斯蘭激進(jìn)分子、各種反抗組織以及崩潰的經(jīng)濟(jì)。

As Syrian state media reported that many of the missiles had been intercepted, the Syrian presidency’s Twitter account posted a video that appeared to show Assad showing up for just another day at the office.

敘利亞的官方媒體報(bào)道稱許多導(dǎo)彈已被攔截，敘利亞的總統(tǒng)Twitter賬號(hào)也同時(shí)發(fā)布了一段視頻，顯示阿薩德照常出現(xiàn)在了辦公室。

The events depicted could not be independently verified.

所稱事件未能得到獨(dú)立核實(shí)。

Capitol Hill remained divided.

美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)仍然處于分裂狀態(tài)。

The reaction in Washington was divided along party lines, with the strikes bringing praise from Republicans and criticism from Democrats like Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., the House minority leader.

華盛頓的反應(yīng)依黨派涇渭分明，軍事打擊引起共和黨人贊揚(yáng)，亦招致加州民主黨議員、眾議院少數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖南希·佩洛西(Nancy Pelosi)等民主黨人的批評(píng)。

“The Butcher of Damascus learned two lessons tonight the hard way,” Sen. Tom Cotton, R-Ark., said in a statement. “Weapons of mass destruction won’t create a military advantage once the United States is done with you and Russia cannot protect its clients from the United States.”

“大馬士革屠夫今晚以殘酷的方式得到了兩個(gè)教訓(xùn)，”阿肯色州共和黨參議員湯姆·科頓(Tom Cotton)在一份聲明中說(shuō)。“一旦美國(guó)打算對(duì)付你，大規(guī)模殺傷性武器也不會(huì)產(chǎn)生軍事優(yōu)勢(shì);還有，俄羅斯也無(wú)法保護(hù)其委托人不受美國(guó)威脅。”

Sen. Tim Kaine, D-Va., complained that Trump had not sought permission from Congress. Proceeding with the strikes, he said, was “illegal and — absent a broader strategy — it’s reckless.”

弗吉尼亞州民主黨參議員蒂姆·凱恩(Tim Kaine)抱怨特朗普沒(méi)有向國(guó)會(huì)申請(qǐng)?jiān)S可。他說(shuō)，軍事打擊是“非法的——而且缺乏更大的戰(zhàn)略，是魯莽的做法。”

Russia deploys angry rhetoric.

俄羅斯憤怒喊話。

Russia called for an urgent meeting of the U.N. Security Council, and offered some harsh warnings before the attack. (At the meeting, the Security Council rejected a Russian resolution condemning the missile strikes.) But the speed and the tone of the Russian reaction on Saturday, stressing that the attack had not resulted in a direct confrontation and was rather limited, suggested almost relief on the part of the Kremlin.

俄羅斯要求聯(lián)合國(guó)安理會(huì)召開(kāi)緊急會(huì)議，并在襲擊發(fā)生前，發(fā)出了嚴(yán)厲警告。(在會(huì)上，安理會(huì)拒絕了俄羅斯關(guān)于譴責(zé)導(dǎo)彈襲擊的決議。)但周六俄羅斯反應(yīng)的速度和口氣——強(qiáng)調(diào)此次襲擊沒(méi)有導(dǎo)致直接對(duì)抗，而且后果相當(dāng)有限——表明克里姆林宮幾乎是松了一口氣。

According to Russian state news media, President Vladimir Putin condemned the missile strikes as an “act of aggression against a sovereign state” and against the United Nations Charter.

據(jù)俄羅斯國(guó)家新聞媒體報(bào)道，弗拉基米爾·普京(Vladimir Putin)總統(tǒng)譴責(zé)導(dǎo)彈襲擊是“侵略主權(quán)國(guó)家的行為”，違背了《聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章》。

May avoided a conflict at home.

梅避免了一場(chǎng)國(guó)內(nèi)沖突。

May has said she believed there was a need to send a strong message about the use of chemical weapons, but she also had compelling diplomatic and political reasons to support the United States — and to carry out the strikes as soon as possible.

梅說(shuō)，她認(rèn)為有必要發(fā)出關(guān)于使用化學(xué)武器的強(qiáng)烈信息，但她也有令人信服的外交和政治理由來(lái)支持美國(guó)，并盡快實(shí)施空襲。

One imperative was the desire to reciprocate the support London has received from the United States in the dispute with Russia over the poisoning of a former spy, Sergei V. Skripal, and his daughter, Yulia S. Skripal, on British soil.

英國(guó)與俄羅斯就前英國(guó)間諜謝爾蓋·V·斯克里帕爾(Sergei V. Skripal)及其女兒尤莉亞·S·斯克里帕爾(Yulia S. Skripal)在英國(guó)領(lǐng)土被下毒一事產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)端，在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，英國(guó)獲得了美國(guó)的支持，現(xiàn)在它急欲對(duì)此做出回報(bào)。

May, who made an explicit connection between the airstrikes in Syria and the poisoning of the Skripals, benefited from the timing of the airstrikes, two days before lawmakers were to return from vacation. While not obligated to consult Parliament, she may have felt constrained to do so and could easily have lost a vote on a strike, as her predecessor David Cameron did in 2013.

梅在對(duì)敘利亞的空襲和斯克里帕爾父女被下毒這兩件事之間建立起明確的聯(lián)系;此外，空襲發(fā)生在議員們休假歸來(lái)的兩天前，這個(gè)時(shí)機(jī)也令她從中受益。盡管她沒(méi)有義務(wù)與議會(huì)商討，但她可能覺(jué)得最好還是不要這樣做，空襲投票恐怕難以通過(guò)，她的前任戴維·卡梅倫(David Cameron)在2013年就是這樣。

Britain also wants to prove its use as an ally to Trump at a time when its international influence is under question because of its withdrawal from the European Union, and when it hopes to strengthen trade ties with the United States.

英國(guó)也希望證明自己身為特朗普盟友的作用，因?yàn)槟壳八膰?guó)際影響力因退出歐盟而受到質(zhì)疑，而它也希望加強(qiáng)與美國(guó)的貿(mào)易關(guān)系。

For France, a red line was crossed.

對(duì)法國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，化學(xué)武器越過(guò)了紅線。

President Emmanuel Macron had prepared his nation for this moment: He had discussed the possibility of airstrikes and made clear early in his presidency that the use of chemical weapons was a red line.

埃馬紐埃爾·馬克龍(Emmanuel Macron)總統(tǒng)早已令法國(guó)為這一刻做好了準(zhǔn)備：他曾討論過(guò)空襲的可能性，并在擔(dān)任總統(tǒng)之初就明確表示過(guò)，使用化學(xué)武器是一條紅線。