哥本哈根峰會(huì)：各國(guó)都在想什么

巴西Brazil

巴西政府定下的溫室氣體減排目標(biāo)是36%-39%，將通過(guò)停止亞馬遜流域的森林采伐，普及既能使用生物燃料又能使用普通汽油的高能效的車輛來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。但這一減排目標(biāo)是自愿性的，要想實(shí)現(xiàn)更高的目標(biāo)依賴于巴西政府得到資助，顯示出作為拉丁美洲最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體，巴西不愿意為減排犧牲工業(yè)產(chǎn)出。并且，保護(hù)亞馬遜地區(qū)熱帶雨林的努力可能因?yàn)檫@一備受貧窮折磨地區(qū)的非法砍伐而受阻。

Brazil's government will aim to cut greenhouse-gas emissions between 36% and 39% by reducing deforestation in the Amazon rain forest and increasing the use of fuel-efficient cars and trucks that use biofuels as well as gasoline. But the emissions target is voluntary and depends on the government obtaining financing for the aggressive goals, indicating that Brazil isn't willing to stifle industrial output in Latin America's largest economy. And efforts to reduce deforestation in the Amazon could be stymied by lawlessness in the poverty-stricken region.

歐盟（European Union）European Union

由27個(gè)成員國(guó)組成的歐盟希望在哥本哈根峰會(huì)上眾口一詞。其目標(biāo)是采取行動(dòng)，將全球變暖限制在攝氏2度（華氏3.6度）以內(nèi)。歐盟有意承諾到2020年將碳排放從1990年的水平減少20%，并且愿意將這個(gè)目標(biāo)提高到30%，前提是其它國(guó)家也要做出減排承諾。歐盟已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備為發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供資金援助，但是尚未承諾具體金額。一些西歐國(guó)家支持提供資金援助，但是來(lái)自東歐的一些新成員的意愿則要低得多。

The 27-member European Union aims to speak with one voice in Copenhagen. Its goal: taking action that would limit global warming to two degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit). The EU intends to cut CO2 emissions 20% by 2020 from 1990 levels and is willing to raise that target to 30% if other countries commit to do their part. It is also ready to help developing countries financially, but it hasn't committed to specific figures. Some Western European countries advocate generosity, but some newer members from Eastern Europe are much less willing to pay.

波蘭Poland

波蘭和其他東歐國(guó)家希望達(dá)成的協(xié)議不會(huì)給他們經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)太多負(fù)擔(dān)。問(wèn)題是歐盟成員國(guó)之間應(yīng)當(dāng)分擔(dān)多少對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的財(cái)政支持。富裕的歐盟成員國(guó)提議依照一個(gè)國(guó)家的排放量決定捐助比例。但由于東歐的歐盟成員國(guó)的能源行業(yè)嚴(yán)重依賴于煤炭，如果按照這一提議，他們就會(huì)比根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)值決定捐助比例的做法支付更多的資金。波蘭還希望能夠在《京都議定書》于2012年到期后繼續(xù)出售碳排放額度。由于波蘭在過(guò)去20年已經(jīng)將二氧化碳排放量削減了30%，該國(guó)可以出售價(jià)值數(shù)十億歐元的碳排放額度。

Poland and other Eastern European nations want a deal that isn't too economically burdensome. The issue is how financial support for developing countries should be shared by EU members. Wealthy members propose making contributions proportional to a country's emissions. But because Eastern members' energy sectors rely heavily on coal, they would pay disproportionately more than if shares were based on their economic output. Poland also wants to be able to continue selling certain carbon credits after the Kyoto protocol expires in 2012. Because Poland has reduced CO2 emissions by 30% over the past 20 years, it can sell credits worth billions of euros.

非洲Africa

非洲國(guó)家將溫室氣體排放問(wèn)題怪罪于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，他們希望因?yàn)槿蜃兣挠绊懙玫窖a(bǔ)償。但他們?cè)趦?yōu)先問(wèn)題上存在不同意見(jiàn)。非洲聯(lián)盟(African Union)希望得到數(shù)十億美元（各國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人沒(méi)有透露具體金額）以適應(yīng)氣候變化，氣候變化導(dǎo)致了東非嚴(yán)重程度創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的干旱和其他地區(qū)的洪災(zāi)。尼日利亞等產(chǎn)油國(guó)則認(rèn)為，工業(yè)化國(guó)家石油消耗量下降會(huì)導(dǎo)致他們的收入減少，他們希望在這方面得到補(bǔ)償。

African countries blame developed countries for greenhouse-gas emissions and want to be compensated for the impact of global warming. But they disagree on priorities. The African Union wants billions of dollars (leaders won't say exactly how much) to adapt to climate change, which is blamed for record droughts in East Africa and flooding in other regions. Oil-producing nations, such as Nigeria, want compensation for the lost revenues that could result from expected declines in oil consumption by industrialized nations.

印尼Indonesia

印尼是全球第三大二氧化碳排放國(guó)，僅次于中國(guó)和美國(guó)。該國(guó)大量的溫室氣體排放都來(lái)自于濫伐森林。印尼可能會(huì)要求國(guó)際社會(huì)提供保護(hù)森林方面的技術(shù)和資金。此外，印尼希望能對(duì)未來(lái)設(shè)立的通過(guò)減少毀林帶來(lái)碳排放額度的項(xiàng)目自行監(jiān)控，該國(guó)暗示會(huì)反對(duì)組建一個(gè)國(guó)際監(jiān)控機(jī)構(gòu)。印尼承諾到2020年將排放量從照常發(fā)展情景（business-as-usual）削減26%，但該國(guó)官員說(shuō)，如果得到所需的國(guó)際資金和技術(shù)支持，印尼會(huì)將減排比例提高到41%。

In Indonesia, the world's No. 3 carbon-dioxide emitter (after China and the U.S.), much of the emissions result from deforestation. It probably will ask for international technology and funds for forest conservation. Also, it favors self-monitoring in future programs that give credits for reducing emissions from deforestation, and hints it will oppose efforts to create an international monitoring body. The nation pledges to cut emissions 26% by 2020 from 'business-as-usual' levels, but officials say Indonesia will raise its target to 41% if it receives the international funding and technology support it needs.

厄瓜多爾Ecuador

作為產(chǎn)油國(guó)，厄瓜多爾將向哥本哈根峰會(huì)提出一個(gè)新的想法：富裕國(guó)家支付35億美元，讓該國(guó)的8.5億桶石油儲(chǔ)量繼續(xù)留在地下。這些石油位于亞馬遜森林的一個(gè)自然保護(hù)區(qū)，而保護(hù)亞馬遜森林將成為哥本哈根談判的重要一環(huán)。石油輸出國(guó)組織(OPEC)的一個(gè)代表團(tuán)已經(jīng)去考察過(guò)該項(xiàng)目。厄瓜多爾明年將出任歐佩克的輪值主席國(guó)。厄瓜多爾政府已經(jīng)將其石油部更名為“不可再生資源部”，他們已經(jīng)向一些歐洲政府提出了這個(gè)想法。

Ecuador, an oil producer, will come to Copenhagen with a novel idea: get rich countries to pay .5 billion to keep 850 million barrels of its crude in the ground. The oil is located in a natural reserve of the Amazonian forest whose protection will be a cornerstone of the talks. A delegation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (Ecuador gets the group's presidency next year) has visited to look at the project. The government, which has renamed its oil ministry the 'ministry of non-renewable resources,' has pitched the idea to some European governments.