偏差一:萬能的寫作模板,請(qǐng)賜給我戰(zhàn)無不勝的力量!
在高級(jí)語法的課堂上我發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)非常有趣的現(xiàn)象。備考期間,許多烤鴨都會(huì)捧著一本雅思寫作書,開始樂此不疲地背寫作模板,而且經(jīng)常是不明就里、囫圇吞棗地背。關(guān)于使用寫作模板的利弊,筆者并不想在此進(jìn)行探究,只想建議那些正在背寫作模板的烤鴨們,一定要先分析模板的語法結(jié)構(gòu)再行記憶。例如,TASK2首段引出作者觀點(diǎn)時(shí),有一個(gè)模板句型"I cannot oppose the opinion that+觀點(diǎn)"可以套用。該句型用cannot 與oppose的雙重否定加強(qiáng)語氣,同時(shí)oppose與opinion都以"o"開頭,再次起到強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。然而,疏于對(duì)模板語法結(jié)構(gòu)的分析,許多烤鴨在背誦時(shí)只記得雙重否定和相同詞頭"o",卻忽視了這句話本身是一個(gè)賓語從句,經(jīng)常將此句誤寫成I cannot opposite the opinion that...造成謂語詞性不當(dāng)。還是引出觀點(diǎn),有一個(gè)雙重否定句型"No one can deny the fact that+觀點(diǎn)"也可套用??蓪W(xué)生們光顧著背句型,卻不知道that之后引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)同位語從句,故而在補(bǔ)充觀點(diǎn)時(shí)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)句子成分殘缺等語法錯(cuò)誤。對(duì)于寫作模板,筆者并不反對(duì)使用,但需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,既然選擇使用,就一定用到位。將模版分解,確定每個(gè)句型內(nèi)含的語法結(jié)構(gòu),才能避免依葫蘆畫瓢又畫得四不像的尷尬境地。
偏差二:深?yuàn)W的長難句,我語不驚人死不休!
以上說的是一些雅思小白們盲目背誦寫作模板,忽視高級(jí)語法分析而造成的失誤,這里筆者將要闡述部分語法大牛們可能出現(xiàn)的問題。為了讓他們的文章能夠奪人眼球,這些大牛們往往挖空心思使用各種語法結(jié)構(gòu),往文章里砸長難句。一句話由四五個(gè)小句構(gòu)成,看著都讓人冷汗直淌,更別說是理解文意了。而且,在考場的高壓環(huán)境下,長難句越多,就越有可能出現(xiàn)語法錯(cuò)誤,最后反而得不償失。事實(shí)上,利用語法將文章"裝飾"得impressive絕對(duì)可行,但并不是瘋狂使用長難句,而是用語法豐富文章句型,進(jìn)而讓整篇文章看上去干練而輕巧。以《劍八》TEST1 TASK1考官給出的范文為例(《劍八》P.162),短短150字的文章,光是數(shù)字列舉,就運(yùn)用了四種手法。第一種是直接用簡單句進(jìn)行列舉,如A further 28% of global degradation is due to over-cultivation of crops. 第二種是用with獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明,如These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, with Europe having as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation. 第三種是用現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明,如Globally, 65% of degradation is caused by too much animal grazing and tree clearance, constituting 35% and 30% respectively. 第四種則直接在括號(hào)中注明,如North America had a lower proportion of degraded land at only 5%, and the main causes of this were over-cultivation (3.3%) and, to lesser extent, over-grazing (1.5%). 再比如雅思有一個(gè)經(jīng)典作文題:Should capital punishment be a major deterrent to crime(死刑能震懾犯罪嗎)? 許多烤鴨在寫此文章時(shí)都會(huì)提到這樣一個(gè)觀點(diǎn),事實(shí)證明社會(huì)關(guān)注應(yīng)該放在罪犯改造上,而非罪犯懲戒上。僅表述前半句話,運(yùn)用不同的語法知識(shí),就能寫出不同的句型。如主語從句,It is proved that emphasis should be placed on the reform of criminals. 賓語從句,Cases have shown that emphasis should be placed on the reform of criminals. 同位語從句,There is much evidence that emphasis should be placed on the reform of criminals. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句, It is the reform of criminals that emphasis should be placed on. 由此可見,熟練掌握語法知識(shí),能夠幫助烤鴨們靈活表達(dá)文章觀點(diǎn)。句式多樣,寫作分?jǐn)?shù)自然有所提高。
總之,準(zhǔn)確使用語法是叩開雅思寫作高分之門的關(guān)鍵。不僅僅是雅思,其它國外考試,如托福、GRE等也是如此。遺憾的是,現(xiàn)在各大培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的國外考試輔導(dǎo),都是以聽、說、讀、寫分板塊進(jìn)行,考生們很難接受系統(tǒng)的語法知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)。對(duì)語法知識(shí)不夠自信的同學(xué),不妨嘗試參加綜合能力部綜合能力拔高及語法單項(xiàng)的學(xué)習(xí),在這里,老師們重視培養(yǎng)同學(xué)們的"語法應(yīng)用能力",并將語法與考試真題相結(jié)合,先明白了原理再來使用,指導(dǎo)學(xué)生們進(jìn)行實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)。Please remember grammar is basic to English.