指翻譯過程中為了使譯文符合目標語的表述方式、方法和習(xí)慣而對原句中的詞類、句型和語態(tài)等進行轉(zhuǎn)換。具體的說,就是在詞性方面,把名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為代詞、形容詞、動詞;把動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞;把形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞和短語。在句子成分方面,把主語變成狀語、定語、賓語、表語;把謂語變成主語、定語、表語;把定語變成狀語、主語;把賓語變成主語。在句型方面,把并列句變成復(fù)合句,把復(fù)合句變成并列句,把狀語從句變成定語從句。在語態(tài)方面,可以把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。如:
(1) 我們學(xué)院受教委和市政府的雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞)
(2) Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.
孩子們看電視過多會大大地損壞視力。(名詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞)
(3) 由于我們實行了改革開放政策,我國的綜合國力有了明顯的增強。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (動詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞)
(4) I’m all for you opinion.
我完全贊成你的意見。(介詞轉(zhuǎn)動詞)
(5) The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.
改革開放政策受到了全中國人民的擁護。(動詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞)
(6) In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment.
作者在文章中,對人類疏忽自身環(huán)境作了批評。(形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞)
(7) In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.
在有些歐洲國家里,人民享受最廣泛的社會福利,如醫(yī)療保險等。(被動語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)主動語態(tài))
(8) 時間不早了,我們回去吧!
We don’t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型轉(zhuǎn)換)
(9) 學(xué)生們都應(yīng)該德、智、體全面發(fā)展。
All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名詞轉(zhuǎn)副詞)
4. 拆句法和合并法:
這是兩種相對應(yīng)的翻譯方法。拆句法是把一個長而復(fù)雜的句子拆譯成若干個較短、較簡單的句子,通常用于英譯漢;合并法是把若干個短句合并成一個長句,一般用于漢譯英。漢語強調(diào)意合,結(jié)構(gòu)較松散,因此簡單句較多;英語強調(diào)形合,結(jié)構(gòu)較嚴密,因此長句較多。所以漢譯英時要根據(jù)需要注意利用連詞、分詞、介詞、不定式、定語從句、獨立結(jié)構(gòu)等把漢語短句連成長句;而英譯漢時又常常要在原句的關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、主謂連接處、并列或轉(zhuǎn)折連接處、后續(xù)成分與主體的連接處,以及意群結(jié)束處將長句切斷,譯成漢語分句。這樣就可以基本保留英語語序,順譯全句,順應(yīng)現(xiàn)代漢語長短句相替、單復(fù)句相間的句法修辭原則。如:
(1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.
同中國加強合作,符合美國的利益。 (在主謂連接處拆譯)
(2) I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.
我要感謝你們無與倫比的盛情款待。中國人民正是以這種熱情好客而聞明世界的。(在定語從句前拆譯)
(3) This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account
英聯(lián)邦各國尤其如此,它們認為英國加入歐共體,將能保證歐共體的政策照顧到它們的利益。(在定語從句前拆譯)
(4)中國是個大國,百分之八十的人口從事農(nóng)業(yè),但耕地只占土地面積的十分之一,其余為山脈、森林、城鎮(zhèn)和其他用地。
China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合譯)